Resp High Yield Flashcards
fine tremor
B2 agonists
asterixis
CO2 retention
clubbing resp causes
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, CF, bronchiectasis
telangiectasia - CREST / systemic sclerosis
lupus pernio - sarcoidosis
cushingoid facial features - steroid use
Horner’s syndrome - ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis - pancoast tumour
decreased air entry
Emphysema, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, collapse
Wheeze
Asthma, COPD
Coarse crepitations
Bronchiectasis, consolidation
Fine inspiratory crepitations
Pulmonary oedema
Fine end-inspiratory crepitations (like Velcro)
Pulmonary fibrosis
Bronchial breathing (harsh breath sounds)
Consolidation
Pleural rub (grating sound)
Pleurisy, pulmonary infarction, pneumonia, pleural malignancy
cervical lymphadenopathy resp causes
infection, carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoidosis
Causes of bronchiectasis
✅ Post-Infective – TB, pneumonia, whooping cough, measles.
✅ Cystic Fibrosis – Most common genetic cause.
✅ Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia – Includes Kartagener’s Syndrome (situs inversus + bronchiectasis + sinusitis).
✅ Immune Deficiency – Hypogammaglobulinaemia.
✅ Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) – Asthma + eosinophilia + bronchiectasis.
✅ Connective Tissue Diseases – RA, Sjögren’s.
What are the indications for a pneumonectomy/lobectomy?
✅ Lung Cancer – Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) if resectable.
✅ Severe Localised Bronchiectasis – Unilateral disease with recurrent infections.
✅ Massive Haemoptysis – If localised bleeding site identified.
✅ Destroyed Lung Syndrome – Post-infectious lung cavitation + recurrent infections.
✅ Severe Lung Trauma – Irreparable lung injury
What are the causes of upper and lower zone pulmonary fibrosis?
How would you categorise the severity of COPD?
Pneumonectomy signs
Unilateral chest flattening
Thoracotomy scar
Tracheal deviation (towards)
Reduced expansion
Dull percussion note
Reduced breath sounds
Pleural effusion signs
Reduced expansion
Stony dull percussion note
Reduced breath sounds
Reduced tactile fremitus and vocal resonance
How to differentiate between bronchiectasis and pulmonary fibrosis clinically?
Difference between pneumonectomy and lobectomy?
Differentiating between transudative and exudative pleural effusion & causes?
If a patient presented with kyphoscoliosis, what would you expect their TLCO and KCO to be?
