Resp Anatomy Flashcards
what are the 3 borders that bound the superior thoracic aperture/thoracic inlet?
- T1 posteriorly
- first ribs laterally
- costal cartilages of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly
what tare the 3 borders that bound the inferior thoracic aperture/thoracic outlet?
- T12 posteriorly
- ribs 11-12 laterally
- costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 and xiphisternal joint anteriorly
where does the head of the rib articulate to the vertebra?
articulates to the one with the same number and the one above.
what type of joint is formed between the head of the ribs and the vertebral bodies?
synovial plane joint.
which part of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebral body and what type of joint does it form?
transverse process articulates with the tubercule
formed the costotransverse joint, which is a synovial plane joint
name the two grooves on the upper surface of the first rib and what they are there for
- anterior groove - subclavian vein
- posterior groove - subclavian artery + the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus
(these two are separated by the scalene anterior tubercule)
what is the purpose of the scalene anterior tubercule on the upper surface of the first rib?
where the scalene muscle attaches.
what are the 3 peripheral and 1 central attachments of the diaphragm
- arcuate ligament of the lumbar vertebrae
- costal cartilage of ribs 7-12
- xiphoid process (main attachment)
central attachment - central tendon (strong aponeurosis that blends in with the fibrous pericardium above)
what is the arcuate ligament?
- arched fascia from transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra and the 12th rib on the side
- covers the upper part of the psoas major muscle
what are costal cartilages
- hyaline cartilages that is only present on the anterior side of the ribs
- gives medial extension of the ribs
- contributes to the elasticity of the thoracic wall
what is the xiphoid processs
- lowest and smallest extension of the sternum
- used to be cartilage in the beginning but ossifies into bone over time.
crura define
fibroelastic bands that arise from the lumbar vertebrae and insert into the central tendon of the diaphragm
where do the crura arise from?
right crus: L1-3 (also surrounds the esophageal opening and prevents gastric reflux)
left crus: L1-2
what are the 3 hiatus of the diaphragm, its location, and what it transmits?
- caval opening: (T8), through the central tendon, transmits IVC + right phrenic nerve
- esophageal hiatus: (T10), through the muscular sling of the right crus, esophagus + left/right vagus nerves
- aortic hiatus: (T12), between the left and right crura, aorta+azygous vein+hemiazygous vein+thoracic duct
describe the phrenic nerve
- mixed sensory and motor nerve arising from C3, 4, 5
- provides exclusive motor control of the diaphragm
- provides sensory innervation to the central part of the diaphragm with the sensory lower intercostal nerves from T7-12 innervating the peripheral edges of the diaphragm
lymphatic drainage of the left and right thoracic walls
left brachiocephalic vein –> thoracic duct
right brachiocephalic vein –> right lymphatic duct
organs in conducting and respiratory portion of the bronchial tree
conducting: trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, conducting bronchiole, terminal bronchiole
respiratory: respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus
location of the larynx
anterior to the esophagus at C3-6
extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
hyoid bone spinal level
C2/3
thyrohyroid membrane spinal level
C4
laryngeal prominence spinal level
C5
cricoid cartilage spinal level
C6
vessels in the lung hilum
- bronchi
- pulmonary artery
- superior pulmonary vein
- inferior pulmonary vein
- others (lymphatics, nerves)
name the 2 bronchi in the right hilum
- eparterial bronchus: located above the artery, only present in the right lung and supplies the superior lobe
- hyparterial bronchus: right main bronchus
nervous innervation of the parietal vs visceral pleura
pariental: somatic nerves (intercostal + phrenic)
- pain sensitive
visceral: autonomic nerves (T2-5)
- NOT pain sensitive
pleural reflection vs recess
pleural reflection: when the parietal pleura changes direction of travel
pleural recess: space created btw the pleura due to the reflection
inferior margin of the lungs and the parietal pleura
lungs:
midclavicular line - rib 6
midaxillary line - rib 8
midscapular line - rib 10
parietal pleura: + 2 ribs difference
surface anatomy of the oblique and horizontal fissures
horizontal fissure: runs along the 4th rib
oblique fissure: begins at T3 and runs along the 6th rib
histology of trachea (from surface downwards)
*histology of the MAIN bronchus similar
respiratory epithelium –> lamina propina (epithelium + lamina propina = mucosa layer) –> submucosa layer –> tracheal cartilage
differences of bronchioles <1mm diameter vs primary bronchi
- no cartilage
- no glandular cells
- no goblet cells
- epithelium either cuboidal or columnar
progression of epithelium through the bronchial tree
becomes flatter:
columnar –> cuboidal (bronchioles) –> squamous (alveoli)
progression of cartilage through the bronchial tree
rings (trachea) –> plates (primary bronchi) –> complete lack of cartilage (bronchioles)
progression of glandular cells through the bronchial tree
mucous secreting glands + goblet cells present –> complete lack of any of these (bronchioles)
which ribs have costal cartilages?
ribs 1-10 only
what type of muscle is diaphragm?
skeletal (the rest of respiratory system is smooth)
structure of the larynx
epiglottis –> hyoid bone –> thyrohyoid membrane –> thyroid cartilage –> laryngeal prominence –> corniculate cartilage –> arytenoid cartilage –> cricoid cartilage –> tracheal cartilage
things that only the right lung has
- 3 lobes (+ middle lobe)
- horizontal fissure
- eparterial bronchi for the superior lobe
things that only the left lung has
- lingula
- cardiac notch
- cardiac impression
- aortic impression
