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Respiratory System > Resp Anatomy > Flashcards

Resp Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 borders that bound the superior thoracic aperture/thoracic inlet?

A
  1. T1 posteriorly
  2. first ribs laterally
  3. costal cartilages of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly
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2
Q

what tare the 3 borders that bound the inferior thoracic aperture/thoracic outlet?

A
  1. T12 posteriorly
  2. ribs 11-12 laterally
  3. costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 and xiphisternal joint anteriorly
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3
Q

where does the head of the rib articulate to the vertebra?

A

articulates to the one with the same number and the one above.

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4
Q

what type of joint is formed between the head of the ribs and the vertebral bodies?

A

synovial plane joint.

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5
Q

which part of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebral body and what type of joint does it form?

A

transverse process articulates with the tubercule

formed the costotransverse joint, which is a synovial plane joint

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6
Q

name the two grooves on the upper surface of the first rib and what they are there for

A
  1. anterior groove - subclavian vein
  2. posterior groove - subclavian artery + the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus
    (these two are separated by the scalene anterior tubercule)
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7
Q

what is the purpose of the scalene anterior tubercule on the upper surface of the first rib?

A

where the scalene muscle attaches.

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8
Q

what are the 3 peripheral and 1 central attachments of the diaphragm

A
  1. arcuate ligament of the lumbar vertebrae
  2. costal cartilage of ribs 7-12
  3. xiphoid process (main attachment)

central attachment - central tendon (strong aponeurosis that blends in with the fibrous pericardium above)

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9
Q

what is the arcuate ligament?

A
  • arched fascia from transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra and the 12th rib on the side
  • covers the upper part of the psoas major muscle
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10
Q

what are costal cartilages

A
  • hyaline cartilages that is only present on the anterior side of the ribs
  • gives medial extension of the ribs
  • contributes to the elasticity of the thoracic wall
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11
Q

what is the xiphoid processs

A
  • lowest and smallest extension of the sternum

- used to be cartilage in the beginning but ossifies into bone over time.

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12
Q

crura define

A

fibroelastic bands that arise from the lumbar vertebrae and insert into the central tendon of the diaphragm

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13
Q

where do the crura arise from?

A

right crus: L1-3 (also surrounds the esophageal opening and prevents gastric reflux)

left crus: L1-2

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14
Q

what are the 3 hiatus of the diaphragm, its location, and what it transmits?

A
  1. caval opening: (T8), through the central tendon, transmits IVC + right phrenic nerve
  2. esophageal hiatus: (T10), through the muscular sling of the right crus, esophagus + left/right vagus nerves
  3. aortic hiatus: (T12), between the left and right crura, aorta+azygous vein+hemiazygous vein+thoracic duct
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15
Q

describe the phrenic nerve

A
  • mixed sensory and motor nerve arising from C3, 4, 5
  • provides exclusive motor control of the diaphragm
  • provides sensory innervation to the central part of the diaphragm with the sensory lower intercostal nerves from T7-12 innervating the peripheral edges of the diaphragm
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16
Q

lymphatic drainage of the left and right thoracic walls

A

left brachiocephalic vein –> thoracic duct

right brachiocephalic vein –> right lymphatic duct

17
Q

organs in conducting and respiratory portion of the bronchial tree

A

conducting: trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, conducting bronchiole, terminal bronchiole
respiratory: respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus

18
Q

location of the larynx

A

anterior to the esophagus at C3-6

extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

19
Q

hyoid bone spinal level

A

C2/3

20
Q

thyrohyroid membrane spinal level

A

C4

21
Q

laryngeal prominence spinal level

A

C5

22
Q

cricoid cartilage spinal level

A

C6

23
Q

vessels in the lung hilum

A
  1. bronchi
  2. pulmonary artery
  3. superior pulmonary vein
  4. inferior pulmonary vein
  5. others (lymphatics, nerves)
24
Q

name the 2 bronchi in the right hilum

A
  1. eparterial bronchus: located above the artery, only present in the right lung and supplies the superior lobe
  2. hyparterial bronchus: right main bronchus
25
Q

nervous innervation of the parietal vs visceral pleura

A

pariental: somatic nerves (intercostal + phrenic)
- pain sensitive

visceral: autonomic nerves (T2-5)
- NOT pain sensitive

26
Q

pleural reflection vs recess

A

pleural reflection: when the parietal pleura changes direction of travel
pleural recess: space created btw the pleura due to the reflection

27
Q

inferior margin of the lungs and the parietal pleura

A

lungs:
midclavicular line - rib 6
midaxillary line - rib 8
midscapular line - rib 10

parietal pleura: + 2 ribs difference

28
Q

surface anatomy of the oblique and horizontal fissures

A

horizontal fissure: runs along the 4th rib

oblique fissure: begins at T3 and runs along the 6th rib

29
Q

histology of trachea (from surface downwards)

*histology of the MAIN bronchus similar

A

respiratory epithelium –> lamina propina (epithelium + lamina propina = mucosa layer) –> submucosa layer –> tracheal cartilage

30
Q

differences of bronchioles <1mm diameter vs primary bronchi

A
  • no cartilage
  • no glandular cells
  • no goblet cells
  • epithelium either cuboidal or columnar
31
Q

progression of epithelium through the bronchial tree

A

becomes flatter:

columnar –> cuboidal (bronchioles) –> squamous (alveoli)

32
Q

progression of cartilage through the bronchial tree

A

rings (trachea) –> plates (primary bronchi) –> complete lack of cartilage (bronchioles)

33
Q

progression of glandular cells through the bronchial tree

A

mucous secreting glands + goblet cells present –> complete lack of any of these (bronchioles)

34
Q

which ribs have costal cartilages?

A

ribs 1-10 only

35
Q

what type of muscle is diaphragm?

A

skeletal (the rest of respiratory system is smooth)

36
Q

structure of the larynx

A

epiglottis –> hyoid bone –> thyrohyoid membrane –> thyroid cartilage –> laryngeal prominence –> corniculate cartilage –> arytenoid cartilage –> cricoid cartilage –> tracheal cartilage

37
Q

things that only the right lung has

A
  • 3 lobes (+ middle lobe)
  • horizontal fissure
  • eparterial bronchi for the superior lobe
38
Q

things that only the left lung has

A
  • lingula
  • cardiac notch
  • cardiac impression
  • aortic impression

Respiratory System (13 decks)

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