Resp - Anatomy Flashcards
Pg. 594-595 in First Aid 2014 Sections include: -Respiratory tree -Pneumocytes -Lung relations -Diaphragm structures
What are the zones of the respiratory tree?
(1) Conducting zone (2) Respiratory zone
What do the large airways of the conducting zone include?
Large airways consist of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
What do the small airways of the conducting zone include?
Small airways consist of bronchioles and terminal bronchioles (large numbers in parallel –> least airway resistance).
Which part of the respiratory tree has the least airway resistance, and why?
Small airways consist of bronchioles and terminal bronchioles (large numbers in parallel –> least airway resistance).
What is versus is not the function of the conducting zone? As a result, what kind of space is it considered to be?
Warms, humidifies, and filters air but does not participate in gas exchange –> “anatomic dead space”
What is the extent of cartilage in the conducting zone? What else extends this far?
Cartilage and goblet cells extend to end of bronchi
What is the function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells? To where in the respiratory tree do they extend, and into what kind of cells do they transition?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells (beat mucus up and out of lungs) extend to beginning of terminal bronchioles, then transition to cuboidal cells
To where in the respiratory tree do airway smooth muscles extend?
Airway smooth muscles extend to end of terminal bronchioles (sparse beyond this point)
What does the respiratory zone of the lung include?
Lung parenchyma; consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
What is the function of the respiratory zone?
Participates in gas exchange
What type of cells are in the respiratory bronchioles? What kind of cells do they become, and where?
Mostly cuboidal cells in respiratory bronchioles, then simple squamous cells up to alveoli.
What is the function of alveolar macrophages, where, and why?
Respiratory zone - No cilia. Alveolar macrophages clear debris and participate in immune response
Draw the inside and outside of alveoli, including and labeling the following: (1) Alveolar capillary beds (2) Alveoli (3) Alveolar duct (4) Alveolar sacs (5) Pulmonary artery (6) Pulmonary vein.
See p. 594 in First Aid 2014 for visual
What are 3 types of pneumocytes?
(1) Type I cells (2) Type II cells (3) Club (Clara) cells
What is the percentage of alveolar surfaces associated with Type I pneumocytes?
97% of alveolar surfaces
What function(s) do Type I pneumocytes serve? What type of cells are they, and why is this important?
Line the alveoli. Squamous; thin for optimal gas diffusion.
What major 2 functions do Type II pneumocytes serve? What are the important implications of each of these functions?
(1) Secrete pulmonary surfactant –> decreased alveolar surface tension & prevention of alveolar collapse (atelectasis). (2) Also serve as precursors to type I cells and other type II cells. Type II cells proliferate during lung damage.
What kind of cells are Type II pneumocytes, and how do they appear?
Cuboidal and clustered
Briefly describe the histology of Club (Clara) cells.
Nonciliated; low-columnar/cuboidal with secretory granules
What is another name for Club cells? What 3 functions do they serve?
Club (Clara) cells; (1) Secrete component of surfactant (2) Degrade toxins (3) Act as reserve cells
What is the equation for collapsing pressure of alveoli? Relate this to alveoli tendency to collapse, stating the applicable law.
Collapsing pressure (P) = 2(surface tension) / radius; Alveoli have increased tendency to collapse on expiration as radius decreases (law of Laplace).
What makes up Pulmonary surfactant, and which of these components is most important?
Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mix of lecithins, the most important of which is dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
When does surfactant synthesis begin, and when are mature levels reached?
Surfactant synthesis begins around week 26 of gestation but mature levels are not achieved until around week 35
What ratio in amniotic fluid indicates fetal lung maturity?
Lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio > 2.0 in amniotic fluid indicates fetal lung maturity
How many lobes does the right versus left lungs have, and what function does this serve?
Right lung has 3 lobes; Left has Less Lobes (2)
Where is the Lingula, and what is it?
Left Lung - Lingula (homologue of right middle lobe)
Which lung is the more common site for inhaled foreign body, and why?
Right lung is more common site for inhaled foreign body because the right main stem bronchus is wider and more vertical than the left
Where does an aspirated peanut travel if the patient is upright?
Aspirate a peanut: While upright - lower portion of right inferior lobe
Where does an aspirated peanut travel if the patient is supine?
Aspirate a peanut: While supine - superior portion of the right inferior lobe
Instead of a middle lobe, what does the left lung have, and what purpose does this serve?
Instead of a middle lobe, the left lung has a space occupied by the heart.
What is the relation of the pulmonary artery to the bronchus at each lung hilus?
The relation of the pulmonary artery to the bronchus at each lung hilus is described by “RALS” - Right Anterior; Left Superior.
Draw anterior and posterior views of the lungs, including and labeling the following for each lung (if applicable): (1) Horizontal fissure (2) Middle lobe (3) Inferior lobe (4) Oblique fissure (5) Superior lobe.
See p. 595 in First Aid 2014 for visual at middle right
Into what does the trachea branch?
Trachea –> Right bronchus & Left bronchus
What structure perforates the diaphragm at T8?
At T8: IVC
What 2 structures perforate the diaphragm at T10?
At T10: esophagus, vagus (Think: CN 10; 2 trunks)
What 3 structures perforate the diaphragm at T12?
At T12: (1) aorta (red) (2) thoracic duct (white) (3) azygos vein (blue); Think: “at T-1-2 it’s the red, white, and blue”
What 6 structures perforate the diaphragm, and at what levels?
AT T8: IVC; AT T10: esophagus, vagus; AT T12: aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein; Think: “Number of letters = T level, T8: vena cava, T10: ‘oesophagus’, T12: aortic hiatus” AND/OR “I (IVC) ate (8) ten (10) eggs (esophagus) at (aorta) twelve (12)”
What spinal nerves innervate the diaphragm? What is the name of the main nerve?
Diaphragm is innervated by C3, 4, and 5 (phrenic nerve); Think: “C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive”
What can cause pain from diaphragm irritation? What are 2 places to which such pain can be referred?
Pain from diaphragm irritation (e.g., air or blood in peritoneal cavity) can be referred to shoulder (C5) and the trapezius ridge (C3, 4)
