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HUBS192 > Resp. Anatomy > Flashcards

Resp. Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ideal conditions for gas exchange?

A

warm, clean, moist

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2
Q

What area of the body includes the upper resp tract?

A

chin up

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3
Q

What area of the body includes the LRT?

A

chin down

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4
Q

Define mucosa and what it is attached to

A

Mucosa = moist layer which lines most organs and is attached via basement membrane to lamina propria (CT, may contain glands)

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5
Q

how does the epithelium change along the length of the tract to reflect function?

A

Most of conducting region: respiratory epithelium
Where air & food travels: stratified squamous (for protection)
Site of gas exchange: simple squamous
Olfaction: olfactory mucosa

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6
Q

What is the long/proper name for resp epithelium?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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7
Q

Where is resp epithelia found?

A

nasal cavity, part of pharynx, trachea and bronchi

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8
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

make + excrete mucus to trap debris and moisten air

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9
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

move back and forth to push mucus (and .: bad stuff) towards pharynx to be swallowed

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10
Q

What structures make up the URT?

A
  • Nose and nasal cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
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11
Q

What are the functions of the URT? (4)

A
  1. Conducting passage (not just air)
  2. Prepares for resp membrane [warm, clean, moist]

Also:
- Paranasal sinuses: resonating chambers for speech
- Olfaction: sensory receptors

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12
Q

What is the function of the cartilages in the nose/nasal cavity?

A

Soft, flexible, maintain patent airway

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13
Q

What are 3 features of the vestibule?

A
  • Lined with skin (for protection from nose pickers)
  • Has sebaceous sweat glands, hair follicles [clean]
  • Vibrissae (hairs) filter inhaled air
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14
Q

What bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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15
Q

What bones make up the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

hard and soft palates

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16
Q

Describe the anatomy of the conchae

A
  • On the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
  • 3x projections of bones that curl around (superior, middle and inferior conchae)
  • Covered in resp epithelium .: mucus
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17
Q

What is the function of the conchae?

A

Swirl air so that all air touches surface, mucus can pick up stuff and also can warm up = more time for warming + humidifying air, also olfaction detection

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18
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium found? Function?

A

Found on roof of nasal cavity
- pick up chemicals that signal the brain => scent

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19
Q

How is air warmed in the nasal cavity?

A

Within the nasal mucosa, specifically within the lamina propria, we have a big, thin walled vascular plexus. This helps warm up incoming air (via radiation)
- When air temp drops, plexus dilates = greater heat transfer
- Close to the surface, easy to damage
○ This is generally where nose bleeds originate from

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20
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses? (3)

A

○ Lighten skull
○ Increased SA to clean, warm and moisten air
○ Sound resonance

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21
Q

Where do the sinuses drain into?

A

the pharnyx

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22
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx? (order from top to bottom)

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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23
Q

What is the pharynx commonly known as?

A

the throat

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24
Q

T or F: food and air travels through the nasopharynx

A

F - air passage only

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25
Q

What type of mucosa is found in the nasopharynx?

A

respiratory mucosa

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26
Q

Where does the nasopharynx start and end?

A

internal nares to soft palate

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27
Q

What structures block the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food entering nasal cavity?

A

The soft palate and uvula (dangly thing)

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28
Q

What section of the pharynx do the auditory tubes drain into?

A

Nasopharynx

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29
Q

T or F: food and air travels through the oropharynx

A

True - air + food

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30
Q

What type of mucosa is found in the oropharynx? why?

A

Stratified squamous for protection against abrasion

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31
Q

Where does the oropharynx start and end? What structures does it include?

A

From soft palate to hyoid bone, incl. palatine and lingual tonsils

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32
Q

T or F: food and air travels through the laryngopharynx

A

True- air + food

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33
Q

What type of mucosa is found in the laryngopharynx? why?

A

Stratified squamous for protection against abrasion

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34
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx start and end?

A

From hyoid bone to opening of esophagus
- Ends where resp and digestive tracts diverge

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35
Q

what structures make up the LRT? (5)

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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36
Q

What are the functions of the LRT? (3)

A
  • Conducts air to/from site of gas exchange
  • Completes warming/cleaning/moistening of the air
  • Provides barrier between air and blood, large SA for gas exchange
37
Q

Where is the larynx positioned?

A
  • Ant. to esophagus
  • Spans from hyoid bone to trachea
38
Q

What are the 4 cartilage structures found in the larynx? What are their individual and collective functions?

A

○ Thyroid cartilage: grows during puberty in males b/c testosterone
○ Laryngeal prominence: protection
○ Cricoid cartilage: solid ring = keeps patent
○ Epiglottis: tongue pushes down => closes airway when swallowing

Collective function = to protect and maintain open airway

39
Q

What is the glottis commonly known as?

A

voice box

40
Q

What 2 folds are attached to the cartilages in the larynx?

A

The vocal and vestibular folds

41
Q

Describe the vocal folds

A
  • True vocal cords
  • Passing air causes vibrations -> sound waves
  • For normal voice
42
Q

How does testosterone change the voice?

A

Testosterone affects cartilage and muscle
-> longer, thicker folds
-> deeper voice

43
Q

Describe the vestibular folds

A
  • ‘False’ vocal cords
  • Superior to vocal folds
  • Prevent foreign objects entering glottis
  • Can produce very deep sounds (not normally used)
44
Q

Where is the trachea found?

A

between larynx and primary bronchi

45
Q

What are the functions of the trachea? (2)

A
  • Maintain patent airway
  • Clean, warm and moisten air
46
Q

How does the trachea maintain a patent airway? (3)

A

○ C shaped cartilage rings keeps it open and unobstructed, also allows room for other structures, i.e. esophagus, trachealis muscle
○ Ends connected by bands of smooth muscle which contract to cough
○ Many elastin fibres in lamina propria and submucosa

47
Q

How does the mucociliary elevator work?

A

Removes debris to pharynx to be swallowed and digested [clean]
○ Mucus from goblet cells and glands coats epithelium
○ Debris is trapped
○ Cilia move mucus to pharynx

48
Q

How many lobes make up the lungs?

A

5 in total - 3 on R, 2 on L b/c heart takes up space where 3rd lobe would be

49
Q

Name/describe the sup, inf, and lateral surfaces of the lungs

A
  • Apex = superior region
  • Costal surface = lateral, against ribs
  • Base of lung = inferior, sits on diaphragm
50
Q

What is the hilum of the lungs?

A

where bronchi and blood vessels enter

51
Q

Describe the bronchial tree (divisions)

A

-> Trachea
-> 1º bronchi (L and R)
-> 2º (lobar) bronchi (to the different lobes)
-> 3º (segmental) bronchi (numerous)
-> bronchioles (very tiny)
-> branching…
-> branching…
-> branching…
-> terminal bronchioles (leave conducting zone, into respiratory zone)

52
Q

Where in the resp tract is cuboidal epithelia found?

A

The bronchioles

53
Q

What does the cartilage, if any, in the bronchi look like? Function/reason?

A

Plates (air resistance holds open, also nothing pushing on it this deep in body = plates are ok)

54
Q

What does the cartilage in the 1º bronchi look like?

A

complete rings

55
Q

what type of muscle is found in the bronchiole? function?

A

Thick smooth muscle for bronchoconstriction/dilation

56
Q

What are pulmonary lobules, and what are they made up of?

A

Pulmonary lobules (= tiny lobes/segments) are made up of many alveoli, arranged like bunches of grapes

57
Q

Describe the walls of the alveoli

A

Walls are very thin: simple squamous on thin basement membrane

58
Q

How is the air in the alveoli keep clean?

A

Alveoli contain roaming macrophages to remove any debris that makes it to the alveoli

59
Q

What are the 2 types of lung epithelial cells?

A

T1 (squamous) and T2 (cuboidal) pneumocytes

60
Q

What do T1 pneumocytes do?

A

Form the respiratory membrane (blood-air barrier) with capillary wall and shared basement membrane

61
Q

What do T2 pneumocytes do?

A

Secrete surfactant -> reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid

62
Q

Name the layers of the respiratory membrane from alveolar space -> lumen

A

▪ Alveolar space
▪ Surfactant coating alveolar surface
▪ Alveolar cell layer
▪ Fused basement membranes (of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium)
→ Holds together so gas exchange can occur
▪ Capillary endothelium
▪ Capillary lumen

63
Q

What 2 structures make up the thoracic cavity?

A

mediastinum (contains pericardium -> heart, vessels) and the pleural cavity (contains the lungs)

64
Q

How does the pleura adhere to the thoracic wall?

A

Pleura sticks to thoracic wall because fluid increases adhesion

65
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity? (6)

A

Ant: sternum
Post: Thoracic vertebrae
Lat: Ribs/intercostal muscles
Sup: Base of neck
Inf: diaphragm

66
Q

What are the 3 types of anterior thoracic joints?

A

sternocostal, costochondral and interchondral

67
Q

Where are sternocostal joints found?

A

Between sternum and costal cartilage

68
Q

Where are costochondral joints found?

A

Between ribs and costal cartilage

69
Q

Where are interchondral joints found?

A

Joints between cartilage

70
Q

Which of the ant thoracic joints are synovial

A
  • sternocostal (except 1st = cartilaginous for rigidity at top)
  • all interchondral
71
Q

Which of the ant thoracic joints are cartilaginous?

A
  • costochondral
  • 1st sternocostal
72
Q

What are the 2 types of posterior thoracic joints?

A
  • costotransverse
  • costovertebral
73
Q

Where are costotransverse joints found?

A

Between rib and transverse process of vertebrae

74
Q

Where are costovertebral joints found?

A

Between rib and body of vertebrae

75
Q

Are the posterior thoracic joints synovial or cartilaginous?

A

synovial

76
Q

What makes up the respiratory muscles?

A

· Diaphragm
· Intercostals
· Accessory muscles (only active when needed)

77
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm? What type of control?

A
  • Sheet of skeletal muscle = under voluntary control
78
Q

What are the openings in the diaphragm for?

A

for the aorta, esophagus and inf vena cava to pass through

79
Q

Describe the shape of the diaphragm when relaxed and contracted

A

Domed when relaxed, flattened when contracted

80
Q

How does contraction of the diaphragm induce inhalation?

A

Contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity = increase thoracic volume, decrease pressure = air in

81
Q

What do the ext intercostals do? When are they used?

A

→ Lift rib cage up and out
→ Inspiration (quiet and forced)

82
Q

What do the int intercostals do? When are they used?

A

→ Depress ribcage and decrease cavity
→ Expiration - forced only

83
Q

What are the collective functions of the accessory muscles?

A

• Some increase cavity vol for forced inspiration
• Others decrease cavity vol for forced expiration

84
Q

Is quiet inspiration active or passive?

A

active

85
Q

Is quiet expiration active or passive?

A

passive

86
Q

What do the resp muscles do for quiet inspiration?

A

Diaphragm contacts -> flattens
Ext. intercostals contract -> lift rib

87
Q

What do the resp muscles do for forced inspiration?

A

Diaphragm contacts -> flattens
Ext. intercostals contract -> lift rib
+ accessory muscles contract to further expand cavity

88
Q

What do the resp muscles do for quiet expiration?

A

Diaphragm relaxes -> domed
Ext. intercostals relax -> ribs not lifted

89
Q

What do the resp muscles do for forced expiration?

A

Diaphragm relaxes -> domed
Ext. intercostals relax -> ribs not lifted
+ int. intercostals contract -> depress ribs
+ accessory muscles contract to further decrease cavity vol

HUBS192 (5 decks)

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