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HUBS192 > GI Anatomy > Flashcards

GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the GI tract is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

mouth/oral cavity, esophagus, anus

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2
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protection from abrasion

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3
Q

Where in the GI tract is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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4
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

secretion and absorption

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5
Q

What is a simple gland?

A

Gland where epithelium invaginates to form gland with a single duct

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6
Q

What is a compound gland?

A

Gland where epithelium invaginates to form gland with 2+ ducts

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7
Q

Why do we have glands?

A

increased SA for secretion

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8
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut tube? (from lumen inwards)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis (externa/proper)
  4. Adventitia
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9
Q

What makes up the mucosa?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina propria (FCT)
  3. Muscularis Mucosae
    *and sometimes small glands
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10
Q

What are found within the lamina propria?

A

lymphatics and blood vessels

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11
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae?

A

thin band of smooth muscle specifically associated with the mucosa, creates localised movement to maximise movement of food, secretion etc.

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12
Q

What is contained within the submucosa?

A
  1. Larger glands
  2. Blood vessels
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13
Q

What is the submucosal nerve plexus, and what does it regulate?

A

nerves within the submucosa which regulate secretion

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14
Q

What is the enteric nervous system (ENS)?

A

Local nervous system in the gut, regulates most of what happens here

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15
Q

Collagen and elastin fibres primarily make up what layer of the gut tube?

A

Submucosa

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16
Q

What 2 layers make up the muscularis?

A
  • inner circular
  • outer longitudinal
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17
Q

What plexus regulates the muscularis?

A

myenteric plexus

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18
Q

The myenteric plexus regulates what part of the gut tube?

A

the muscularis

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19
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

A

regulates motility

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20
Q

What is the function of the adventitia?

A

Maintain structures, also helps with adhesion

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21
Q

What can be found on top of the adventitia, and why is this not considered a layer of the gut tube?

A

The serosa - only covers organs if in the peritoneal cavity

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22
Q

What is the adventitia made out of?

A

FCT

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23
Q

What is the function of the peritoneum?

A

frictionless movement for organs that need to move to function

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24
Q

What is the mesentary?

A

Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects organ to body wall

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25
Q

What is the omenta?

A

Double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects Organ to Organ (remember Os)

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26
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands called?

A

• Sublingual
• Submandibular
• Parotid

SSP = spitting noise

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27
Q

What do the salivary glands secrete?

A

In general: Mucus + serous fluid containing amylase

Specifically:
• Parotid - Serous fluid with amylase
• Sublingual – Mucous only
• Submandibular – Mixed

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28
Q

Are the salivary glands simple or compound?

A

Compound - multiple ducts

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of cells found in the salivary glands?

A
  • duct cells
  • acinar cells (in a clusters call an acinus)
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30
Q

What do acinar cells secrete?

A

amylase

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31
Q

What do duct cells secrete?

A

bicarbonate

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32
Q

How is the basic tube modified in the esophagus to pass food?

A

Highly folded submucosa and mucosa so has capacity to expand

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33
Q

What type of cells are found in the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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34
Q

How does the muscularis change within the esophagus?

A

Changes as you go down:
• First 1/3: skeletal muscle
• Middle 1/3: a mixture
• Last 1/3: smooth muscle
= Once swallowed, can continue involuntarily

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35
Q

Why does the esophagus have glands instead of goblet cells for lubrication/protection?

A

Because don’t fit, and would get knocked off

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36
Q

How is the esophagus protected/lubricated?

A

by mucus from mucus secreting glands

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37
Q

What is the place where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm called?

A

esophageal hiatus

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38
Q

What structure prevents reflux?

A

the lower esophageal sphincter

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39
Q

what is the role of the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

prevents reflux

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40
Q

What are the parts of the stomach called?

A

• Cardia
• Fundus
• Body
• Pylorus (pyloric antrum)

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41
Q

What are the 2 bits of omentum connected to the stomach, and where to they attach?

A

Lesser omentum: Stomach to liver
Greater omentum: Stomach to transverse colon

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42
Q

What other types of cells are found in the greater omentum, and why?

A

Some fat cells for cushioning
Immune cells, for any infections that break out in the abdomen

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43
Q

How is the muscularis modified for function in the stomach?

A

Modified for motility which helps promote physical digestion, also mixing.

3 Layers:
• Oblique (inner)
• Circular (middle)
• Longitudinal (outer)

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44
Q

What are rugae?

A

Rugae are temporary folds that allow for the expansion of the stomach (1.5L)

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45
Q

What volume of secretions do the salivary glands produce daily?

A

~1L

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46
Q

Describe the structure of the rugae

A

folded core of submucosa with overlying mucosa

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47
Q

What is function of the submucosa core of the rugae?

A

Core of submucosa = connective tissue = this is what allows it to flatten

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48
Q

How is the mucosa modified in the stomach for function?

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
    • In-folding increases surface area for secretion (1.5L/day)
    • Mucosa invaginates down to form simple gastric glands
    • Permanent = don’t flatten with the rugae
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49
Q

what cells are found within gastric glands?

A
  • parietal cells
  • G cells
  • chief cells
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50
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Secrete acid and intrinsic factor

51
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

Secrete hormones (gastrin)

52
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Secrete pepsinogen (an
inactive precursor of pepsin)

53
Q

What does gastrin do, and what cells is it secreted from?

A

G cell -> gastrin -> regulates motility, secretion in stomach

54
Q

Describe the shape/organelle distribution of chief cells

A

• Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (because producing lots of protein)
• Apical zymogen granules (contain enzymes)
• Basal nucleus (because granules in apical aspect forces other organelles down)

55
Q

Describe the shape/organelle distribution of parietal cells

A

Parietal cells produce acid, so:
• Pump ions (H+)
• Abundant mitochondria
• Central nucleus
• Folded structure to increase surface area for H+ pumps

56
Q

What regulates stomach function? (2)

A
  • Endocrine control: gastrin and ghrelin secreted into bloodstream
  • Neural control: local reflexes from ENS, and by CNS regulating ENS function
57
Q

What structure controls the release of chyme from stomach?

A

pyloric sphincter

58
Q

What is a histological feature of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Region of thickened muscle

59
Q

What needs to happen to the chyme once it has left the stomach?

A

• Further digestion (enzymes)
• Protection for small intestine from acidic chyme => mucous and neutralisation of acid

60
Q

What provides mucus from protection from chyme as it leave the stomach?

A

glands in the submucosa of the duodenum

61
Q

T or F: the pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ

A

True!

62
Q

Where do secretions from the liver and the pancreas meet? What are these structures called?

A

Bile duct meets pancreatic duct at the entrance to the hepatopancreatic ampulla

63
Q

How are secretions delivered from pancreas/liver into the duodenum?

A

Via the duodenal papilla

64
Q

What controls the release of secretions into the duodenum?

A

The hepatopancreatic sphincter

65
Q

How does the pancreas show endo and exocrine functions?

A

Endocrine = secretions of HORMONES from islet (a and b) cells into the blood
Exocrine = secretion of ENZYMES/BICARBONATE into the lumen (= outside world)

66
Q

Describe the structure of pancreatic acinar cells

A

• Apical zymogen granules
• Basal nucleus
• Abundant rough ER

67
Q

What is the function of pancreatic acinar cells?

A

Secrete digestive enzymes

68
Q

What is the function of pancreatic duct cells?

A

secrete bicarbonate for neutralisation of acidic chyme from stomach

69
Q

What structures in the stomach allow STORAGE?

A
  • sphincters
  • rugae = distension
70
Q

What gastric structures are needed for mechanical digestion?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • sphincters
71
Q

What gastric structures are needed for chemical digestion?

A
  • secretion of acid and enzymes
  • protective epithelium
72
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
73
Q

Describe the small intestine in relation to the peritoneum

A
  • Duodenum is retroperitoneal because it doesn’t really move, just a receiving space
  • Rest of small intestine is peritoneal for movement patterns, visceral peritoneum covers surface
  • Small intestine held in place by mesentery so it doesn’t get tangled
74
Q

What can be found sandwiched in the mesentery?

A

Arteries, veins, nerves and lymphatics

75
Q

Describe how/where/by what mucus is produced in the SI

A

Mucus secreting cells are interspersed throughout mucosa cells and present throughout all regions.
Duodenum needs more mucus, has glands

76
Q

What 4 ways is the SI modified for function?

A

1: Long
2: Plicae Circulares = permanent folds in the submucosa
3: Villi = folds in the mucosa (not the muscularis mucosa)
4. Microvilli = folds in the apical plasma membrane of the epithelium

77
Q

What are plicae circulares?

A

PERMANENT folds in the small intestine. They have a CORE OF SUBMUCOSA with OVERLYING MUCOSA

78
Q

What is the function plicae circulares?

A

Stick out into lumen
- Increase SA
- Spiral food, show it down

79
Q

What is the difference between rugae and plicae circulares?

A

Plicae = permanent
Rugae = temporary

80
Q

Permanent folds in the small intestine are known as…

A

Plicae circulares

81
Q

What are villi?

A

Folds of the mucosa of the small intestine, found on the surface of the plicae circulares

82
Q

Describe the muscularis mucosae in reference to the villi

A
  • not folded
  • allows villi to wiggle back and forth to aid absorption
83
Q

What is found within the core of villi?

A

lymph and capillary networks
core of lamina propria

84
Q

Describe blood flow away from the small intestine

A

• Nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood absorbed in the small intestine enters into the MESENTERIC VEINS
• These drain into the HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN -> liver detoxifies

85
Q

Describe how lymph is drained away from the small intestine

A

• Lymph lacteals ultimately drain the products of fat digestion into the cisterna chyli, thoracic duct and then left subclavian vein

86
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the SI? Any special features?

A

Simple columnar with microvilli on apical surface

87
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

The layer of epithelial cells in the small intestine, and the layer of glycoproteins which helps to tether brush border enzymes in place

88
Q

What is contact digestion?

A

Chemical digestion involving the brush border enzymes

89
Q

Broadly describe how particles move into epithelial cells in the gut

A

• Through the selectively permeable plasma membrane through proteins channels/transporters, or by simple diffusion if lipid soluble
• Through tight junctions between cells
- Only small molecules may diffuse through, and require a gradient

90
Q

What 5 types of specialised epithelial cell may be found in the intestinal crypts? What are their functions?

A

Enterocytes - Absorptive cells
Goblet cells - Secrete mucous for protection
Stem cells - Make all cell types
Paneth cells - granules, antibacterial enzymes
Endocrine cells - secrete hormones

91
Q

What are the 3 main sections of the large intestine?

A

• Cecum
• Colon
• Rectum

92
Q

What are the parts of the colon?

A

• Ascending
• Transverse
• Descending
• Sigmoid

93
Q

Describe the large intestine in relation to the peritoneum

A

• Ascending and descending colon are
retroperitoneal
• Transverse and sigmoidal colon are intraperitoneal

94
Q

What is the function of the ileocecal valve?

A

• Regulates the passage of material into the cecum
• Prevents backflow

95
Q

Where does the appendix attach?

A

To the cecum, with a variety of possible locations/directions

96
Q

What is the role of the appendix?

A

Lymphoid tissue - immune role
Reserve of large intestine bacteria, repopulates the gut after diarrhea etc.

97
Q

How can we image the large intestine and check the function of the ileocecal valve?

A

With a barium enema and xray

98
Q

What are teniae coli?

A
  • bands of LONGITUDINAL smooth muscle
  • Modification to muscularis external
  • Not in small intestine
99
Q

What are haustra?

A

Series of pouches in colon wall

100
Q

What is the function of haustra?

A

For expansion/elongation of large intestine

101
Q

What does movement across the haustra stimulate?

A

further contraction of the smooth muscle => defecation

102
Q

What is the function of the teniae coli?

A
  • Helps pucker into pouches/haustra
  • Creates stronger contraction
103
Q

T or F - villi are found in both the large and small intestine

A

False! No villi in the LI

104
Q

Describe the intestinal glands found in the LI

A

Mucosa invaginates down to form intestinal glands.

105
Q

Which layers of the mucosa invaginate to form intestinal glands? Which do not?

A

Mucosa consists of:
• Epithelium
• Lamina propria
• Muscularis mucosae

The muscularis mucosae does not invaginate, but epithelium and lamina propria both do.

106
Q

What is the function of mucosa in the colon?

A

WATER AND SALT ABSORPTION

107
Q

What structure marks boundary where
epithelium changes?

A

Anal columns

108
Q

Describe the change in epithelium at the anal canal

A

Before anal columns = simple columnar
Epithelium of anal canal = stratified squamous to protect from abrasion

109
Q

Describe the 2 anal sphincters and how they are controlled

A

• The internal anal sphincter is smooth
muscle (under involuntary control)
• The external anal sphincter is skeletal muscle (under voluntary control)

110
Q

Describe the defecation relex

A

• Movement of faeces into rectum stimulates stretch receptors
• Internal anal sphincter relaxes (involuntary)
• Conscious decision to defecate – external anal sphincter relaxes

111
Q

Describe where the blood to the liver comes from, and in what proportions

A

1/3 from hepatic artery
2/3 from hepatic portal vein (intestines to liver)

112
Q

Describe the blood that arrives from the intestines to the liver

A
  • nutrient rich
  • deoxygenated
113
Q

What structure do the blood vessels of the liver travel through?

A

the lesser omentum

114
Q

function units of the liver =

A

lobules

115
Q

What are hepatocytes, and what do they produce?

A

liver cells, produce bile

116
Q

where are liver sinusoids found?

A

between rows of hepatocytes

117
Q

Where are bile canaliculi found?

A

between hepatocytes/cells

118
Q

What constitutes the portal triad?

A

• Branch of hepatic artery
• Branch of hepatic portal vein
• A bile duct

119
Q

Where are the portal triads found?

A

at the corner of the lobules

120
Q

After bile is produced, where does it go?

A

Bile secreted into canaliculi, travels to bile duct, then into central vein -> hepatic vein -> inf vena cava

121
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

the gall bladder

122
Q

What id the function of the gall bladder?

A

Store and concentrates bile

123
Q

Where does the bile duct join the pancreatic duct?

A

At the hepatopancreatic sphincter

HUBS192 (5 decks)

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