Resp Flashcards
Frontal sinus location
cavity within the front of the skull (above eyebrows), over the orbit of the eye
Frontal sinus nerve supply
Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
Frontal sinus drainage
drains into the roof of the nasal cavity: anterior to the olfactory epithelium
Maxillary sinus location
body of the maxilla = side of the nose, roof is on the floor of the orbit –> pyramidal shape
Maxillary sinus nerve supply
Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
Maxillary sinus drainage
drains into the middle meatus through the hiatus semilunaris (between the middle and upper turbinates)
Ethmoid sinus location
cavity within the ethmoid bone (between the eyes), labbyrnth of air cells
Ethmoid sinus nerve supply
Opthalmic and maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
Ethmoid sinus drainage
drains into the middle meatus through the semilunaris hiatus
Sphenoid sinus drainage
Cavity within the sphenoid bone (between the eyes). Inferior to the optic canal, dura and pituitary gland
Sphenoid sinus nerve supply
opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
Sphnoid sinus drainage
drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess, lateral to the nasal septum
Pharynx
fibromuscular tibe lines with squamous and columnar ciliated mucus glands epithelium. Split into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Larynx
valvular function to prevent food from being aspirated,. innervated by the superior and reccurent laryngeal nerves which are branches of the vagus
Larynx single cartilages
Epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid
Larynx double cartilages
Cuneiform, corniculate, Arytenoid
Airways of the lower respiratory tract
treachea > main bronchi > lobar brinchi > segmental branches > respiratory bronchiole > terminal bronchiole > alveolar ducts > alveoli
Inspiration overview
diaphragm and internal intercostals contract, Thorax expands, intrapleural pressure decreases to subatmospheric, increase in transpulmonary pressure, lungs expand, intrapulmonary pressure decreases to be subatmospheric, air flow into lungs
Expiration overview
Muscles stop contracting, chest wall recoils inwards, intrapleural pressure returns, transpulmonary pressure returns, lungs recoil, air becomes compressed, increase in transpulmonary pressure (abover atmospheric), air flow out of lungs
TLC
Total lung capacity: breathing all the air out the lungs
RV
residual volume: volume of gas left in the lungs after exhalation
(F)VC
(forced) vital capacity: total amount of air you can exhale
IC
inspiratory capacity: at the top of the TLC, the lungs cannot expand any more
TV
tidal volume: normal breathing (approx 500ml)
Airway restriction
FVC is < 80%
Airway obstruction
FEV1/FVC ratio <70%
FEV1/FVC ratio
how much of the total air is expelled in the first second
PEF
Peak flow: single measure of the highest flow during exhalation (usually occurs within the first second)
Pneumotaxic centre
Upper pons region
inhibits inspiration and allows for the transition to expiration
helps to moderate the apneuistic centre
Receives signals from the peripheral receptors e.g stretch
Apneustic centre
lower pons region
sends signals to the VRG and DRG to trigger them to undergo inspiration
peripheral stimulation from stretch receptors
Increases intensity of inhalation
DRG
Dorsal respiratory group
Controls inspiration, has input to the spinal neurons which control the muscles
receives signals from both peripheral and central
when the motor neurons stop firing = muscles relaxation and there is passive exhalation
VRG
Ventral respiratory group
contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons
Pre-Botzinger complex = respiratory pacemaker generator 12-16 breaths per minute, able to trigger own action potential
expiratory neurons can cause muscles to contract when large increase in ventilation is needed
