Resp

Question 1

Frontal sinus location

Answer 1

cavity within the front of the skull (above eyebrows), over the orbit of the eye

Question 2

Frontal sinus nerve supply

Answer 2

Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 3

Frontal sinus drainage

Answer 3

drains into the roof of the nasal cavity: anterior to the olfactory epithelium

Question 4

Maxillary sinus location

Answer 4

body of the maxilla = side of the nose, roof is on the floor of the orbit –> pyramidal shape

Question 5

Maxillary sinus nerve supply

Answer 5

Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 6

Maxillary sinus drainage

Answer 6

drains into the middle meatus through the hiatus semilunaris (between the middle and upper turbinates)

Question 7

Ethmoid sinus location

Answer 7

cavity within the ethmoid bone (between the eyes), labbyrnth of air cells

Question 8

Ethmoid sinus nerve supply

Answer 8

Opthalmic and maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 9

Ethmoid sinus drainage

Answer 9

drains into the middle meatus through the semilunaris hiatus

Question 10

Sphenoid sinus drainage

Answer 10

Cavity within the sphenoid bone (between the eyes). Inferior to the optic canal, dura and pituitary gland

Question 11

Sphenoid sinus nerve supply

Answer 11

opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 12

Sphnoid sinus drainage

Answer 12

drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess, lateral to the nasal septum

Question 13

Pharynx

Answer 13

fibromuscular tibe lines with squamous and columnar ciliated mucus glands epithelium. Split into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 14

Larynx

Answer 14

valvular function to prevent food from being aspirated,. innervated by the superior and reccurent laryngeal nerves which are branches of the vagus

Question 15

Larynx single cartilages

Answer 15

Epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid

Question 16

Larynx double cartilages

Answer 16

Cuneiform, corniculate, Arytenoid

Question 17

Airways of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 17

treachea > main bronchi > lobar brinchi > segmental branches > respiratory bronchiole > terminal bronchiole > alveolar ducts > alveoli

Question 18

Inspiration overview

Answer 18

diaphragm and internal intercostals contract, Thorax expands, intrapleural pressure decreases to subatmospheric, increase in transpulmonary pressure, lungs expand, intrapulmonary pressure decreases to be subatmospheric, air flow into lungs

Question 19

Expiration overview

Answer 19

Muscles stop contracting, chest wall recoils inwards, intrapleural pressure returns, transpulmonary pressure returns, lungs recoil, air becomes compressed, increase in transpulmonary pressure (abover atmospheric), air flow out of lungs

Question 20

TLC

Answer 20

Total lung capacity: breathing all the air out the lungs

Question 21

RV

Answer 21

residual volume: volume of gas left in the lungs after exhalation

Question 22

(F)VC

Answer 22

(forced) vital capacity: total amount of air you can exhale

Question 23

IC

Answer 23

inspiratory capacity: at the top of the TLC, the lungs cannot expand any more

Question 24

TV

Answer 24

tidal volume: normal breathing (approx 500ml)

Question 25

Airway restriction

Answer 25

FVC is < 80%

Question 26

Airway obstruction

Answer 26

FEV1/FVC ratio <70%

Question 27

FEV1/FVC ratio

Answer 27

how much of the total air is expelled in the first second

Question 28

PEF

Answer 28

Peak flow: single measure of the highest flow during exhalation (usually occurs within the first second)

Question 29

Pneumotaxic centre

Answer 29

Upper pons region
inhibits inspiration and allows for the transition to expiration
helps to moderate the apneuistic centre
Receives signals from the peripheral receptors e.g stretch

Question 30

Apneustic centre

Answer 30

lower pons region
sends signals to the VRG and DRG to trigger them to undergo inspiration
peripheral stimulation from stretch receptors
Increases intensity of inhalation

Question 31

DRG

Answer 31

Dorsal respiratory group
Controls inspiration, has input to the spinal neurons which control the muscles
receives signals from both peripheral and central
when the motor neurons stop firing = muscles relaxation and there is passive exhalation

Question 32

VRG

Answer 32

Ventral respiratory group
contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons
Pre-Botzinger complex = respiratory pacemaker generator 12-16 breaths per minute, able to trigger own action potential
expiratory neurons can cause muscles to contract when large increase in ventilation is needed