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Annie - Phase 1 > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Internal Factors affecting BP

A

Blood volume –> more blood = increased pressure
CO –> increased output = increased pressure
Peripheral Resistance –> Viscosity, vessel length
Vessel elasticity

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2
Q

Definition: cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped from the ventricles per minute (HR x stroke volume)

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3
Q

Definition: Blood pressure

A

Pressure of the blood in the circulatory system (CO x peripheral resistance)

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4
Q

Arteries structure

A

lumen
intima: endothelium + basmement membrane +collagen
internal elastic lamina
media (concentric elastin + smooth muscle)
external elastic lamina
adventitia = collagenous connective tissue

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5
Q

Veins structure

A

lumen
intima: endothelium + basmement membrane +collagen
internal elastic lamina
media (concentric elastin + smooth muscle)
adventitia = collagenous connective tissue

Same as arteries without external elastic lamina, has valves, less muscle and elastin

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6
Q

Basophils

A 
phagocyte 
have dark blue staining granules
Bi-lobed nucleus
Migrate to tissues to become mast cells
important role in immunity and allergic response as they secrete histamine
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7
Q

eosinophils

A

Phagocytes
Pink staining granules
Bi-lobed nucleus
Important role in immunity and allergic response, neutralise histamine to restrict inflammatory response
specialist role in protection against parasites
IgE receptors on surface

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8
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytose and kill bacteria
Rlease chemotaxins and cytokines
numbers increase during inflammation and infection
most numerous WBC
Multi-lobed nucleus, faintly granular cytoplasm

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9
Q

Monocytes

A

pre-curser to macrophages
like neutrophils but travel in tissue and lymph
Pagocytose bacteria and other foreign material
Phagocyte
Kidney bean shaped nucleus

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10
Q

B lymphocyte

A

Made and matured in bone marrow
stored in secondary lymphoid organs
differentiate into plasma cells
produce + secrete immunoglobins (antibodies) when expose to corresponding antigen
All lymphocytes look the same histologically

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11
Q

T lymphocyte

A

Made in bone marrow
Matured in thymus
Helper T-cells = CD4+ –> supress/regulate immune response + help B cells in antibody production
Cytoxic T cells = CD8+ –> target damaged/ infected cells for death

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12
Q

Haemostasis overview

A

Blood in the vessel = fluid, outside = clot

Platelets circulate in an inactive form

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13
Q

Vascular spasm

A

Aim = decrease the volume of blood lost
Damage to endothelium causes endothelium to bind to the smooth muscle = contraction
contraction will also occur if there is nerve and muscle damage

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14
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

VWF produced by endothelial cells
Platelets activated: change their shape (become spiculated, pseudopodia) due to loss in NO
Platelets attracted to exposed collagen + bind to VWF
Platelets secrete their granules: ADP, thromboxane A2 and serotonin
Attracts more platelets = aggregation, and amplification of the granule release
Platelets linked together by glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and fibrinogen
Activation increases the expression of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

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15
Q

Coagulation

A

Clotting factors activated –> cascade
prothrombin –> thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin
fibrin causes the blood to thicken and forms a mesh network over the clot
Calcium is needed for the activation of some factors

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16
Q

Clot retraction and repair

A

Platelets contain actin and myosin to pull the edges of the damage together
Growth factor from platelets trigger mitosis in smooth muscle

17
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Breakdown of clot to prevent blockage
vessel has tissue plasminogen activator which combines with plasminogen = plasmin formation
Plasmin breaks down fibrin mesh

18
Q

Endothelin 1

A

Released by endothelial cells = constriction of blood vessels

19
Q

VWF

A

temporary adherance to platelets

20
Q

Glycoprotein 1b

A

receptors on platelet membrane, bins VWF to collagen

21
Q

ADP

A

dense granule –> acts on P2Y1 and P2Y12 causing platelet amplification

22
Q

Thrombin

A

binds PAR1 and PAR4 receptors = inducing platelet activation

23
Q

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

A

expressed on platelets, binds platelets together and to the fibrinogen

24
Q

Thromboxane A2

A

dense granule –> vasoconstriction and platelet activation

25
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

begins with tissue factor
located on the outer plasma membrane of various tissue cells outside the endothelium
can occur outside the blood system

26
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

begins due to exposed collagen fibres

beings with factor XIIa

27
Q

Pacemaker action potential

A

Action potential of the AV/SA node. not regulated by other cells
no steady resting potential = has slow depolarization
1. polarization reaches -60mv opens HCN channel, Na enters
2. polarization = -40mv = threshold, voltage gated calcium channels open = depolarization (+ve)
3. at 20mv the potassium channels open, potassium leaves and calcium channels shut

28
Q

Myocardial action potential

A
  1. Action potential arrives, sodium channels open (rapid depolarization)
  2. +52mv sodium channels close and potassium open
  3. calcium channels open slowly = partial repolarization (plateau)
  4. repolarization, calcium closes and potassium leaves (-ve)
  5. resting potential is reached
29
Q

preload

A

volume of blood in the left ventricle before contraction (end diastolic volume)

30
Q

afterload

A

pressure the LV must overcome to eject blood during the contraction

31
Q

Contractility

A

Force of contraction and change in fibre lengths, how hard the heart pumps

32
Q

Compliance

A

How easily the heart chambers expand when filled with blood

33
Q

External factors affecting BP

A

Smoking, obesity, lack activity, stress, age, genetics

34
Q

Order of Heamostasis

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation
  4. Retraction and repair
  5. Fibrinolysis

Annie - Phase 1 (2 decks)

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