Resp Flashcards
What are the 4 components of COPD
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Bronchial asthma
Bronchiectasis
What is chronic bronchitis
fibrous thickening of proximal bronchi
goblet cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia= lumens fill with mucus
What is emphysema
Enlarged alveoli with wall destruction
What is Bronchial asthma
bronchial tree has increased response to stimuli
More permeable vessels
Smooth muscle contraction (histamine, bradykinin, PG)
What is bronchiectasis
permanent bronchial dilation due to chronic bronchitis
filled with mucopurulent dx that is NOT cleared by coughing
What are the Dx requirements for chronic bronchitis
chronic cough and sputum for 3 months/yr for 2 consecutive years
What is the main cause of chronic bronchitis
smoking! pseudo stratified columnar become stratified squamous (metaplasia)
severity correlates to # cigarettes smoked
What are blebs
Sub-pleural (SF) air bubbles formed by ruptured alveoli, can cause PTX if they pop
Pulmonary Emphysema
What are bullae
Parenchymal (deep) air bubbles >1 cm
Pulmonary emphysema
What do Emphysema lungs look like
White, billowy lungs filled with air that touch in the middle
What is a “blue bloater”
hypoxia during coughing causes cyanosis
AND, peribronchial fibrosis squeezes vessels further
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
What is a pink puffer
Pt hyperventilates and oxygenates well, but tachypnea makes their IC muscles thick=barrel chest
Emphysema
What are the two types of asthma
Extrinsic: exposure to allergens (pollen, dander, food) affecting kids mostly
Intrinsic: non-immune mechanism (heat/cold, exercise, chemicals, pollution)
Both have wheezing on expiration, cough, dyspnea
What are Curschmann spirals
Whirls of epithelial cells in mucus in bronchi of pt with bronchial asthma
What is a potential cause of bronchiectasis
Alveolar pneumonia
info spread to alveoli=recurrent PNA= lobe adhesion
What is a common outcome of bronchiectasis
Halitosis
What is the main complication of rupture of blebs
pneumothorax
What is a genetic reason for emphysema
Alpha 1 antitryptolysin deficiency (rarely)
What are the types of alveolar pneumonia
bronchopneumonia: limited to segmental bronchi
lobar pneumonia: entire lobe white out (hepatization)
What is interstitial pneumonia
inflammation of alveolar walls
Viral
diffuse, bilateral
What must you see go gram stain to know it’s aspiration PNA
food, surrounding bacteria, surrounding PMN
What are Sx of all PNA
high fever, chills, cough, expectoration, SOB, dyspnea, tachypnea
What are ways to “lose your gag reflex”
alcohol consumption
neuro dysfunction (stroke, meningitis, alzheimer)
High opiates
What happens when you lose your gag reflex
anything in the stomach can come up and go into the lungs, bacteria follow the food, and PNA develops in the lower rest tract
What organism gives you RUST sputum
Strep Pneumo
What organism gives you red jelly sputum
Klebsiella pneumonia