3- Endocrine Flashcards
What are pituitary adenomas
usually benign and encapsulated
can be hyper or hypo functioning- most are hormonally active
What do pituitary adenomas cause if they compress adjacent structures
hypopituitarism or diabetes insipidus
What causes diabetes insipidus
posterior pituitary hypo function or pituitary tumor compressing the stalk= no ADH released= polydipsia and polyuria
What is Gigantism
Excess GH due to somatotropin adenoma before the epiphyseal plates close
-Causes longitudinal growth
What causes dwarfism
Pituitary insufficiency in childhood
What causes cretinism
Thyroid deficiency causing retarded mental development
What causes Myxedema
Thyroid deficiency slowing function of all organs in the body
-Causes puffy skin, lethargy, little mental awareness and endurance
What are symptoms of Myxedema madness
depression, megacolon, bradyarrhythmia
What are thyroid levels related to hypothyroid
T3 and T4 are low, but TSH is compensatorily high
-Tx with lifelong synthetic thyroid hormones
What is acromegaly
Excess GH from somatotropic adenomas after epiphyseal plates close
-Surgically removed due to Macroscopic size
What are symptoms of acromegaly
enlarged hands, tongue, nose, jaw, heart, liver, spleen
-Hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia
What is Grave’s disease
AI disease with IgG to TSH receptors on the surface of thyroid follicular cells causing constant T3 T4 secretion (thyrotoxicosis)
W>M
What are symptoms of Grave’s disease
restless, nervous, emotionally labile, sweating, tachycardia, palpitations, tremors, diarrhea, weight loss, increased appetite
Exophthalmos (collagen deposits in EOM)
What is the goiter in Graves disease made of
hyperplasia follicles, hyperactive tall cuboidal cells, lymphoid follicles
What is Hashimoto’s disease
-Immune destruction (lymphocytes and plasma cells) of thyroid (destroyed follicles )
-gradual failure and hypothyroidism
-Goiter due to body trying to compensate
W 45-65
What are thyroid adenomas
solitary nodules encapsulated with fibrous tissue and thyroid follicles, that concentrate radioactive iodine
-Start euthyroid and suddenly become thyrotoxic (hyper)
Do you treat thyroid adenomas
Not normally
If they are atypical and invade into the capsule, then Tx is more aggressive
What are the types of thyroid carcinoma
Papillary, follicular, and anaplastic- from follicular cells
Medullary- from parafollicular C-cells
W>M, no RF
What are papillary carcinomas
80% of thyroid cancers, low grade malignancy
Hormonally inactive and occur early in life- favorable prognosis
What are medullary carcinomas
Round neuroendocrine cells with amyloid (beta pleated sheet) in the stroma, that produce calcitonin
What are anaplastic carcinomas
Undifferentiated large or small tumor cells that don’t resemble thyroid cells
Rare, VERY poor prognosis (most die w/in 1 year)
What kind of thyroid neoplasms are most common
Benign thyroid neoplasms- mets to bone
What is Cushing’s DISEASE
Increased Pituitary stimulation causing hyper secretion of ACTH (corticotropic) from a pituitary adenoma
What is Cushing’s SYNDROME
Adrenocortical tumor causes zona fasciculata (adrenal cortex) to produce too many glucocorticoids leading to hypercortisolism
