Resp

Question 1

what constitutes the blood-air barrier? (4)

Answer 1

1. a thin layer of surfactant
2. cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte
3. shared basement membrane
4. cytoplasm of capillary endothelial cell

Question 2

composition of pulmonary surfactant

Answer 2

phospholipids, protein, antioxidants

Question 3

what cell type does the respiratory diverticulum derive from?

Answer 3

endoderm

Question 4

the majority of _______ are formed between birth and 8 years of life

Answer 4

alveoli

Question 5

limit of extrauterine viability

Answer 5

22-26 weeks

Question 6

prior to ___ weeks, the levels of surfactant are usually insufficient to support extrauterine life

Answer 6

35

Question 7

treatment for infant in respiratory distress

Answer 7

oxygen and aerosol surfactant

Question 8

hyaline membrane: mechanism and why it is bad

Answer 8

type 1 alveolar cells are damaged allowing serum to escape into the alveolar lumen –> presence of hyaline membrane interferes with the function of surfactant

Question 9

what molecule is the most sensitive predictor of respiratory distress?

Answer 9

phosphatidylglycerol (presence = lungs are mature)

Question 10

what should be given to a mother before birth if her child has an L/S ratio of less than 2?

Answer 10

glucocorticoids (cortisol) 24-48 hours before delivery

Question 11

during inhalation, intrapleural pressure becomes more _____, transpulmonary pressure ______, and alveolar pressure becomes more ______

Answer 11

negative, increases, negative

Question 12

equation for transpulmonary pressure

Answer 12

P = Palv - Ppl

Question 13

where in the airway has the highest airway resistance?

Answer 13

medium-sized bronchi

Question 14

barrel-shaped chest

Answer 14

emphysema

Question 15

during forced exhalation, intrapleural pressure becomes more _____ and alveolar pressure becomes more ______

Answer 15

positive, positive

Question 16

what is forced vital capacity (FVC)?

Answer 16

the total volume the patient can blow out

Question 17

scalloping of the exhalation slope

Answer 17

obstructive disease

Question 18

expiratory flow rates represent (______thoracic airways)

Answer 18

intra

Question 19

inspiratory flow rates represent (______thoracic airways)

Answer 19

extra

Question 20

FEV1/FVC ratio is normal, FVC is low: obstructive or restrictive?

Answer 20

restrictive

Question 21

FEV1/FVC ratio is low: obstructive or restrictive?

Answer 21

obstructive

Question 22

a significant response to a bronchodilator is shown when?

Answer 22

FVC or FEV1 increases at least 12% AND 200 mL

Question 23

centriacinar emphysema: associated with what?

Answer 23

smoking

Question 24

panacinar emphysema: associated with what?

Answer 24

alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

Question 25

emphysema pathogenesis

Answer 25

elastase from neutrophils and oxidants from macrophages lead to damage of elastic tissue –> collapse of airways on expiration –> traps air –> distends parts of respiratory unit that has lost elastic support

Question 26

pink puffers

Answer 26

emphysema

Question 27

blue bloaters

Answer 27

chronic bronchitis

Question 28

chronic bronchitis: pathogenesis

Answer 28

inhaled smoke –> mucus hypersecretion in bronchi –> airflow obstruction in terminal bronchioles –> irreversible fibrosis

Question 29

diagnose: copious sputum, hemoptysis, digital clubbing

Answer 29

bronchiectasis

Question 30

cystic fibrosis is an important cause of what lung disease?

Answer 30

bronchiectasis