resp 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the most common respiratory bacterial pathogen of horses?
A
Rhodococcus equi (foals)
2
Q
What are the characteristics of Rhodococcus equi?
A
- Gram-positive - Facultative intracellular organism
3
Q
What are the virulence factors of Rhodococcus equi?
A
Mycolic acids: Inhibits phagocytosis and complement which promotes phagocytic survival in macrophages and granuloma formation VapA protein: Surface expressed protein interferes with phagolysosome formation, promoting intracellular survival
4
Q
What is the primary route of pulmonary infection by Rhodococcus equi in foals?
A
Inhalation of soil dust particles
5
Q
Which lesions do you see with Rhodococcus equi?
A
- Pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia - Multi-focal ulcerative enterocolitis - Typhlitis
6
Q
How can you diagnose Rhodococcus equi?
A
- Culture and susceptibility - Cytology - Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) - Tracheal wash aspirates
7
Q
What are the four most common respiratory bacterial pathogens of dogs?
A
Bordetella bronchiseptica Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus Streptococcus canis Mycoplasma cynos
8
Q
What are the characteristics of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
A
- Gram-negative - Obligate aerobe - Obligate pathogen Natural habitat is the URT of many animals
9
Q
What is the pathogenesis of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
A
Colonization → altered respiratory epithelial cell function → excessive mucoussecretion → further impairment of the local innate immune defenses → predispose to infection by other opportunistic secondary pathogens
10
Q
What are the five most common respiratory bacterial pathogens of cats?
A
- Chlamydia felis - Mycoplasma felis - Bordetella bronchiseptica - Pasteurella multocida - Streptococcus canis
11
Q
In cats, what clinical sign is Chlamydia felis commonly associated with?
A
Conjunctivitis
12
Q
Feline Infectious Respiratory Disease (FIRD) often involves coinfections with which two viruses?
A
Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 (FHV-1) and calicivirus
13
Q
What are the most common respiratory bacterial pathogens of birds?
A
- Chlamydia psittaci - Mycoplasma spp. - E. coli
14
Q
What are the common transmission routes for Chlamydia psittaci?
A
Fecal-oral, inhalation, and vertical (respiratory discharge and feces contain elementary bodies that remain infective for several months)
15
Q
What is unique about culturing Chlamydia psittaci?
A
It cannot be growth on agar plates (requires growth in embryonated eggs) so it cannot be cultured!
16
Q
Which stage of the Chlamydia lifecycle is infectious?
A
The elementary body
17
Q
Which stage of the Chlamydia lifecycle is non-infectious?
A
The reticulate body
18
Q
Which form of Chlamydia is metabolically active and replicates within lysosomes of phagocytic cells?
A
The reticulate body
19
Q
Which stage of the Chlamydia lifecycle is persistent?
A
The aberrant body
20
Q
What samples should you collect to test for Chlamydia psittaci?
A
- Nasal swabs - Fecal - Live bird - Blood
21
Q
How can you diagnose Chlamydia psittaci?
A
You CANNOT culture Do PCR, ELISA, or IHC
22
Q
What is the preferred method for diagnosing Chlamydia psittaci in birds?
A
PCR
23
Q
True or False: Chlamydia psittaci is zoonotic
A
True, it is the causative agent of psittacosis or “Parrot Fever” in humans (provincially notifiable disease in Alberta)
24
Q
What is the most common Mycoplasma spp. that infects reptiles?
A
Mycoplasma agassizii
25
What does Mycoplasma agassizii cause in reptiles?
Upper respiratory disease
26
Which two clinical signs are typical of Mycoplasma agassizii infection in tortoises?
Chronic rhinitis and conjunctivitis
27
Which samples should you collect to test reptiles for Mycoplasma agassizii?
- Swabs - Tracheal wash samples
28
True or False: Reptiles harbour a large range of aerobic bacteria and fungi as normal part of their microbial gut flora, making it difficult to interpret results
True
29
What diagnostics should you do to test for Mycoplasma agassizii?
- Direct microscopy - PCR
30
What are the most common respiratory bacterial pathogens of rabbits and rodents?
- Pasteurella multocida (pasteurellosis) - Mycoplasma spp. - Chlamydia spp. - Streptococcus pneumoniae - Bordetella bronchiseptica
31
What clinical signs does Pasteurella multocida cause in rabbits?
- Rhinitis (snuffles) - Pneumonia - Otitis media/interna - Conjunctivitis - Abscesses - Genital tract infection
32
How can you diagnose Pasteurella multocida?
- Bloodwork - Culture & Susceptibility - PCR
33
How can you treat Pasteurella multocida in rabbits and rodents? What should you be cautious of?
You can treat with ampicillin, amoxicillin, amox/clav, penicillin, etc.) but beware of GI side effects!!
34
Rhodococcus Equi: what are the characteristics
Gram-positive, facultative intracellular organism
35
Rhodococcus Equi: Where does it come from?
Soil & manure
36
Rhodococcus Equi: Virulence factors
Mycolic acids & VapA protein
37
Rhodococcus Equi: Pathogenesis
Inhalation of soil/dust particles --> major route of pulmonary infection --> infective droplets --> swallowing expectorated sputum may lead to enteric disease
38
Rhodococcus Equi: What are the three main routes of transmission?
1. Inhalation 2. Through the skin (local or disseminated infections) 3. Hemo-lymphatic vessels --> systemic spread to joints
39
Rhodococcus Equi: What does the respiratory form cause?
Pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia
40
Rhodococcus Equi: What does the enteric form cause?
Multi-focal ulcerative enterocolitis and typhlitis
41
Rhodococcus Equi: What does the systemic form cause?
Pyogenic reactions in other organs (bone, joints, liver, brain)
42
Rhodococcus Equi: Diagnosis
Culture & susceptibility +/- cytology of BAL, or tracheal wash aspirates
43
Bordatella bronchiseptica: general characteristics
Gram negative, obligate aerobe, obligate pathogen
44
Streptococcus Equi Zooepidemicus
Shelter outbreaks of acute suppurative or necrotizing hemorrhagic pneumonia in dogs. Rarely found in healthy dogs.
45
Streptococcus Canis
Can be found in normal dogs, not clear if it's primary or secondary. But absolutely a resp pathogen of cats.
46
Mycoplasma Cynos
Normal flora, primary mycoplasma associated with lower resp disease in dogs.
47
CIRD (canine infectious respiratory disease complex)
Shipping fever of dogs. Primary or secondary bacterial pathogen with primary or secondary viral disease. Typically occurs in kennels, shelters.
48
Bordatella bronchiseptica: Virulence factors
Fimbriae, Cytotoxins, LPS: damage to resp epithelium --> predisposes to other pathogens
49
Bordatella bronchiseptica: Pathogenesis
Colonization --> damage to resp epithelium --> excessive mucous production --> further impairment of local immune defense --> infection by secondary pathogens
50
Bordatella bronchiseptica: Clinical syndrome
2-10d incubation, milk upper resp tract infection, pneumonia. shed for >1 month. Highly contagious.
51
FIRD (feline infectious respiratory disease)
"shipping fever" of cats. Primary/secondary bacterial & viral pathogens
52
FIRD Clinical presentation
Rhinosinusitis, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, salivation, oral/nasal ulceration, pneumonia
53
What pathogen was talked about in the cat emerging resp pathogen slides? What did it cause?
Streptococcus canis. Skin ulceration, necrotizing sinusitis and fascitis
54
Chlamydia species: Characteristics
Obligate intracellular bacterium, very small. Must use acid fast stain, don't pick up gram stain. Have an affinity for ciliated cells of the resp tract and conjunctiva
55
Chlamydia species: Elementary body
survives between hosts, spore-like, somewhat resistant to environmental conditions. INFECTIOUS
56
Chlamydia species: Reticulate body
Survives within lysosomes of phagocytic cells. Replicates, but is non-infectious.
57
Chlamydia species: Aberrant body
Non-replicative, but persistence. (kind of like a spore during stress)
58
Chlamydia species: What is the 7 step life-cycle?
Must know for exam --> go look at notes (Elementary body binds to cell, gets endocytosed, and forms an inclusion body. Changes into reticulate body and starts replicating. When the cell is under stress, it turns into an aberrant body. It then activates back into RB then EB, and will lyse cell or bleb off and infect other cells.)
59
Chlamydia species: virulence factors
makes up 10% of genome. Adhesins, secretion system, cytotoxin
60
Chlamydia Psittaci - Psittacosis
Zoonotic, also known as "parrot fever". Hazard for poultry workers, slaughterhouse workers, and parrot owners. Wild/domestic birds can be carriers - vectors for transmission
61
Chlamydia Psittaci: Serotypes B,C, and E are found in ______
Wild birds
62
Chlamydia Psittaci: Serotype D is found in _____
turkeys (30% mortality!)
63
Chlamydia Psittaci is a ______ disease in Alberta, and ____ in the USA
provincially notifiable, reportable
64
Chlamydia Psittaci Transmission
Fecal-oral, inhalation, or vertical. Contain EB's
65
Chlamydia Psittaci: Forms
Birds can be inapparent, severe (systemic, acute, or chronic with stress associated shedding.
66
Chlamydia Psittaci: Clinical Signs
Nasal/ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, green-yellow feces, fever, weight loss
67
Chlamydia Psittaci: Gross lesions
Fibrinous polyserositis, hepatitis with multifocal necrosis.
68
Chlamydia Psittaci: Diagnostics & treatment
PCR, microscopic evaluation of tissues, treatment: tetracyclines and supportive care. (Cannot be grown on agar plates -> embryonated eggs or cell cultures only.)
69
Chlamydia Psittaci: Diagnostics/sample types to collect **
Pharyngeal, choanal, conjunctival and nasal swabs for PCR/ELISA.
70
Mycoplasma agassizii causes _____ in reptiles
upper respiratory disease
71
Chlamydia species cause _____ in reptiles
pneumonia
72
Challenges of diagnosing respiratory disease in reptiles
May not display recognizable clinical signs, or may only notice in advanced stages of disease. Delicate patients.
73
Late appearance of clinical signs in reptiles is common because
they have a huge spare capacity of lung.
74
Respiratory signs, increased resp rate, and open-mouth breathing can be signs of _____ in reptiles
severe to life-threatening respiratory disease
75
Pharyngitis and tracheitis is commonly seen in
snakes
76
Nasal secretion is commonly seen in
tortoises
77
Diagnostic sample collection in reptiles
ESSENTIAL. Swabs of oral cavity, nares, conjunctiva and cloaca, tracheal wash samples, and biopsies. Culture, direct microscopy, and PCR.
78
Why is it difficult to interpret results from a reptile that were taken from the oral cavity, resp tract, and nares?
They harbor a large range of aerobic bacteria and fungi as a normal part of their microbial gut flora.
79
Most bacterial infections in reptiles are a consequence of (3)
a primary viral infection, a toxic cause, or chronic alimentary or husbandry deficit
80
Mycoplasma Agassizii: What is it?
URTI of tortoises, stress predisposes and spread via nasal discharge. Gram negative bacteria may contribute to the severity of the disease
81
Mycoplasma Agassizii: Clinical signs
Appear 1-2 weeks after exposure. non-specific signs, chronic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. May see erosion and deformation of the nostrils and beak with chronicity.
82
Mycoplasma Agassizii: Sample collection & diagnostics
Blood, nasal lavage, oral/nasal swab. PCR, Serology.
83
Mycoplasma Agassizii: Treatment
Responds well to enrofloxacin
84
Pasteurella Multocida
Pasteruellosis, snuffles in rabbits/ferrets and other rodents. Serious disease, highly contagious.
85
Pasteurella Multocida: Type A (virulence factor)
25-50% of strains are toxigenic. Capsule helps to resist phagocytosis. Healthy asymptomatic carriers are common (30-90%)
86
Pasteurella Multocida: What is the constellation of diseases in rabbits?
Rhinitis (snuffles), pneumonia, otitis media/interna, conjunctivitis, acute sepsis and sudden death.. Vary with site of infection.
87
Pasteurella Multocida Diagnostics & treatment
bloodwork, culture/sensitivity and PCR. DO NOT Treat with ampicillin/amoxiclav --> GI side effects
88
Describe the clinical signs of Chlamydiophila psittaci infection in caged parrots
Pneumonia, air sacculitis, conjunctivitis, pericarditis, encephalitis
89
Describe the life cycle of the organism Chlamydiophila psittaci. Name the infectious part of the life cycle. Explain the transmission routes of the organism as related to the life cycle. What is the common name for this disease?
1. Elementary bodies bind to the cell surface 2. Endocytosis of elementary bodies, which form inclusions 3. Inclusions become metabolically active forming reticulate bodies 4. Reticulate bodies replicate with host cell machinery 5. Differentiate of reticulat bodies back into elementary bodies 6. Escape of elementary bodies by lysis or extrusion
90
List and explain the samples collected and diagnostic tests for Chlamydophila psittaci
ZOONOTIC SO ALWAYS TEST (NOTIFIABLE IN AB) -Blood -Pharyngeal, choanal, conjunctival and nasal swabs -Lung, spleen and liver Tests -ELISA -IHC -PCR
91
Describe and explain the term "Canine infectious respiratory disease -- CIRD" Name the common viral and bacterial pathogens associated with CIRD.
-Refers to a complex of pathogens which infect the respiratory tract that overall produce respiratory disease -Bacterial +Bordetella bronchoseptica +Streptococcus canis +Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus +Mycoplasma cynos -Viral +Canine Influenza +Canine Distemper +Canine Respiratory Coronavirus +Canine Parainfluenza
92
Why does CIRD most commonly occur in kennels and animal shelters
Shelter environments are highly stressful, and that in combination with high stocking densities, potentially poor ventilation, and hygiene can lead to rapid outbreaks of CIRD
93
Name the species of Bordetella bacteria infecting: Poultry and mammals including dogs and cats
Bordetella bronchiseptica
94
Describe and explain the term "Feline infectious respiratory disease -- FIRD" Name the common viral and bacterial pathogens associated with FIRD.
-Refers to a complex of pathogens which infect the respiratory tract that overall produce respiratory disease -Bacterial +Chlamydia felis +Bordetella bronchiseptica +Mycoplasma felis -Viral +Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 +Feline Calicivirus
95
Why is FIRD a common problem in catteries and animal shelters?
Shelter environments are highly stressful, and that in combination with high stocking densities, potentially poor ventilation, and hygiene can lead to rapid outbreaks of CIRD
96
Describe the clinical signs of severe respiratory disease in cats caused by the pathogen Streptococcus canis
Skin ulceration to necrotizing fasiculitis, chronic respiratory infection which can progress to necrotizing sinusitis and meningitis; Shock; Sepsis; Death
97
List the most common causes of bacterial respiratory disease in captive reptiles
-Mycoplasma agassizii -Chlamydophila -Gram negatives like pseudomonas, Salmonella (zoonotic), Klebsiella
98
What are characteristics of Rhodococcus equi?
-gram positive -facultative intracellular organism
99
What virulence factors does Rhodococcus equi have?
Mycolic acids: inhibits phagocytosis and complement VapA protein: interferes with phagolysosome formation
100
How is Rhodococcus equi?
inhalation of soil dust particles --> pneumonia swallowing expectorated sputum --> enteric disease occurs through skin --> infections via hemo-lymphatic vessels --> affcets joints
101
How can you diagnose Rhodococcus equi?
culture and cytology of a BAL or tracheal wash sample
102
What pathogen causes button ulcers in foals?
Rhodococcus equi
103
What bacterial pathogens are involved in canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) (four)?
-Bordatella bronchiseptica -Streptococcus canis -Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus -Mycoplasma cynos
104
What are characteristics of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
-gram negative -obligate aerobe -obligate pathogen (reliant on host for survival)
105
What virulence factors does Bordetella bronchiseptica have (three)?
1. Fimbriae: helps attach to cilliated respiratory epithelium 2. Cytotoxins: damages respiratory epithelium, causing more mucous secretion 3. LPS
106
What is the pathogenesis of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
colonization → altered respiraoty epithelial cell function → excessive mucous secretion → further impairment of the local innate immune system → predispose to infection by other opportunistic secondary pathogens
107
True or false: Bordetella bronchiseptica is not contagious
False it is highly contagious and can be shed by infected individual for months
108
What bacterial pathogens are involved i feline infectious respiratory disease (FIRD) (three)?
Chalmydia felis Mycoplasma felis Bordatella bronchiseptica
109
What is a respiratory pathogen of shelter cats that has been linked to several outbreaks?
Streptococcus canis
110
What is a common respiratory pathogen in parrots?
Chlamydia psittaci
111
Describe the lifecycle of Chlamydia species:
1. Elementary bodies (EB) bind to cell surface 2. pathogen is brought into the cell 3. pathogen becomes metabolically active and transforms into a reticulate body (RB) 4. Reticulate bodies replicate 5. RB can now either turn into an aberrant body (AB) and persist in the cell (to be reactivated later) or convert back to an elementary body 6. if turned into an EB the EB's can escape the cell by lysis or extrusion and go infect other cells
112
What virulence factors do Chlamydia species have (three)?
Adhesins: outer membrane protein that helps bind to host cells Secretion systems: secretes molecules involved in cell invasion Cytotoxin: allows pathogen to control when the cell dies/ruptures by slowing down the cell cycle
113
Is Chlamydia psittaci zoonotic?
yes it causes psittacosis or "Parrot Fever" in humans which can cause life threatening pneumonia
114
What Chlamydia psittaci serotypes effect wild birds?
B, C, and E
115
What Chlamydia psittaci serotypes effect turkeys?
D
116
Do you have to alert anyone if you find a Chlamydia psittaci case?
In Alberta it is a provincially notifiable disease, in the USA it is a reportable disease.
117
How is Chlamydia psittaci transmitted in birds (three)?
fecal-oral, inhalation, or verticle
118
Can Chlamydia psittaci be grown on agar plates?
no it requires growth in embryonated eggs or cell cultures
119
In the chlamydia lifecycle what body forms are infectious and what are not?
Elementary bodies = infectious Reticulate bodies = non-infectious Aberrant bodies = persistence (can later be reactivated and turned into elementary bodies)
120
Mycoplasma agassizii causes what disease in what species?
upper respiratory disease in reptiles
121
In reptiles most bacterial infections are a consequence of what (four)?
1. primary viral infection 2. toxins 3. chronic alimentary deficit 4. husbandry issues
122
What is a common respiratory pathogen of rabbits/ferrets/rodents?
Pasteurella multocida
123
What does Pasteurella multocida cause in rabbits?
Pasteurellosis (aka Snuffles) which can cause copious amounts of mucopurulent discharge from nose
