RESP

Question 1

What are the risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)?

Answer 1

1. Increasing age
2. Men > Women
3. Obesity
4. Maxilliomandibular anomalies
5. Macroglossia
6. Cardiovascular disease
7. Endocrine disorder
8. Large neck circumference
9. Enlarged tonsils
10. Marfans syndrome

Question 2

What are the symptoms of OSA?

Answer 2

1. Loud snoring
2. Gasping during sleep
3. Apnoea
4. Unrefreshing sleep
5. Excessive daytime sleepiness

Question 3

What are the investigations for OSA?

Answer 3

1. polysomnography (PSG)
2. portable multichannel sleep tests
3. awake fibreoptic endoscopy

Question 4

What is the diagnostic finding for OSA?

Answer 4

AHI ≥15 episodes/hour or AHI ≥5 with symptoms or comorbidities

Question 5

What is conservative management for OSA?

Answer 5

• Weight reduction

- Avoid tobacco and alcohol

Question 6

What is treatment for OSA?

Answer 6

1. CPAP is recommended as first-line therapy, and is the treatment of choice for severe OSA (AHI >30 episodes/hour)
2. Oral Appliances
3. Upper airway surgery
4. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation

Question 7

What happens if the V/Q ratio is high?

Answer 7

ventilation exceeds perfusion

Question 8

How can ventilation exceed perfusion?

Answer 8

either over-ventilation or a relative decrease in perfusion

Question 9

What happens if the V/Q ratio is low?

Answer 9

perfusion exceeds ventilation

Question 10

How can perfusion exceed ventilation?

Answer 10

poor ventilation or by over-perfusion