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B9W5 > RESOURCE SESSION > Flashcards

RESOURCE SESSION Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection?

A

The invasion and growth of harmful microorganisms in the body

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2
Q

what is bacteremia?

A

the presence of bacteria in the blood, confirmed by a positive blood culture

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3
Q

what is sepsis?

A

Life threatening organ dysfunction due to a dis regulated host response to infection

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4
Q

what is septic shock?

A

A system-wide infection that causes low blood pressure and organ failure

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5
Q

What is the National Early Warning Score?

A

A score which improves the detection and response to clinical deterioration in adult patients

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6
Q

What are some risk factors for sepsis?

A 
extremes of ages
frailty
compromised immune system
pregnancy
invasive devices e.g. catheters
previous use of antibiotics and corticosteroids
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7
Q

What are the most common sites for infection?

A 
Lungs
urinary tract
abdomen
Skin, soft tissues and joints
Heart/brain
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8
Q

whats normal heart rate?

A

60-100

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9
Q

whats normal bp?

A

90/60->120/80

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10
Q

What are the common causative organisms for infections in the lungs?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae

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11
Q

What are the common causative organisms for infections in the urinary tract?

A

E.coli and klebsiella

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12
Q

What are the common causative organisms for infections in the abdomen?

A

E.coli
enterococci spp.
enterobacteriae spp.
streptococcus spp.

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13
Q

What are the common causative organisms for infections in the skin?

A

staphylococcus aureus

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14
Q

What are the common causative organisms for infections in the heart?

A

staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus viridans

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15
Q

What are the common causative organisms for infections in the brain?

A

neisseria meningitidis
streptococcus pneumoniae
group B streptococcus
haemophilus influenzae

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16
Q

how do we investigate sepsis?

A 
blood cultures
lactate levels
urine cultures 
sputum samples
ECG
X-rays
blood gases
17
Q

what is source control?

A

to control the foci of infection and to restore optimal function of the site of infection.

18
Q

what are the sepsis 6?

A 
fluid challenge
IV antibiotics 
high flow oxygen
blood cultures
measure lactate 
measure urine output
19
Q

What are the stages for interpreting chest X-rays?

A 
Airway - central? rotation?
Breathing
Cardiac 
Diaphragm
Everything else
20
Q

what are the 5 stages of the pathophysiology of pnuemonia?

A 
exposure
congestion
red hepatisation
grey hepatisation
resolution
21
Q

what happens during the exposure stage of pnuemonia?

A

invasion and overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria in lung parenchyma

22
Q

what happens during the congestion stage of pnuemonia?

A

within the first 24 hours, lung macrophages release cytokines

23
Q

what happens during the red hepatisation stage of pnuemonia?

A

within 2-4 days, lung exudate forms due to the migration of neutrophils, extravasation of erythrocytes, desquamated epithelial cells and fibrin deposition
lung is red, firm and airless

24
Q

what happens during the grey hepatisation stage of pnuemonia?

A

within 4-8 days after exposure, there are increasing amounts of fibrin in exudate and breakdown of erythrocytes
lung appears grey

25
Q

what happens during the resolution stage of pnuemonia?

A

8 days after exposure we get enzymatic breakdown of fibrinous content and restoration of alveolar structure

26
Q

what is diplococcus?

A

bacteria that occurs in pairs

27
Q

what are opacities?

A

area of increased attenuation in the lung on a CT with preserved bronchial and vascular markings

28
Q

what is antimicrobial stewardship?

A

the systematic effort to educate prescribers to follow evidence-based prescribing, to stem overuse, and thus antimicrobial resistance.

29
Q

what are superbugs?

Give examples

A

bacteria resistance to multiple antibiotics

MRSA. C.diff

30
Q

how can we improve antimicrobial stewardship?

A

taking cultures before prescribing, following guidelines, prevention

31
Q

what are some examples of hospital acquired infections?

A 
norovirus
COVID
C.diff
pneumonia
Catheter associated UTIs
MRSA
32
Q

why are hospital acquired infections so bad?

A

They have a high incidence of resistance to microbial, they infect patients who are already unwell and have a high mortality rate

B9W5 (7 decks)

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