RESOURCE SESSION Flashcards
What is an infection?
The invasion and growth of harmful microorganisms in the body
what is bacteremia?
the presence of bacteria in the blood, confirmed by a positive blood culture
what is sepsis?
Life threatening organ dysfunction due to a dis regulated host response to infection
what is septic shock?
A system-wide infection that causes low blood pressure and organ failure
What is the National Early Warning Score?
A score which improves the detection and response to clinical deterioration in adult patients
What are some risk factors for sepsis?
extremes of ages frailty compromised immune system pregnancy invasive devices e.g. catheters previous use of antibiotics and corticosteroids
What are the most common sites for infection?
Lungs urinary tract abdomen Skin, soft tissues and joints Heart/brain
whats normal heart rate?
60-100
whats normal bp?
90/60->120/80
What are the common causative organisms for infections in the lungs?
streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae
What are the common causative organisms for infections in the urinary tract?
E.coli and klebsiella
What are the common causative organisms for infections in the abdomen?
E.coli
enterococci spp.
enterobacteriae spp.
streptococcus spp.
What are the common causative organisms for infections in the skin?
staphylococcus aureus
What are the common causative organisms for infections in the heart?
staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus viridans
What are the common causative organisms for infections in the brain?
neisseria meningitidis
streptococcus pneumoniae
group B streptococcus
haemophilus influenzae
how do we investigate sepsis?
blood cultures lactate levels urine cultures sputum samples ECG X-rays blood gases
what is source control?
to control the foci of infection and to restore optimal function of the site of infection.
what are the sepsis 6?
fluid challenge IV antibiotics high flow oxygen blood cultures measure lactate measure urine output
What are the stages for interpreting chest X-rays?
Airway - central? rotation? Breathing Cardiac Diaphragm Everything else
what are the 5 stages of the pathophysiology of pnuemonia?
exposure congestion red hepatisation grey hepatisation resolution
what happens during the exposure stage of pnuemonia?
invasion and overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria in lung parenchyma
what happens during the congestion stage of pnuemonia?
within the first 24 hours, lung macrophages release cytokines
what happens during the red hepatisation stage of pnuemonia?
within 2-4 days, lung exudate forms due to the migration of neutrophils, extravasation of erythrocytes, desquamated epithelial cells and fibrin deposition
lung is red, firm and airless
what happens during the grey hepatisation stage of pnuemonia?
within 4-8 days after exposure, there are increasing amounts of fibrin in exudate and breakdown of erythrocytes
lung appears grey
what happens during the resolution stage of pnuemonia?
8 days after exposure we get enzymatic breakdown of fibrinous content and restoration of alveolar structure
what is diplococcus?
bacteria that occurs in pairs
what are opacities?
area of increased attenuation in the lung on a CT with preserved bronchial and vascular markings
what is antimicrobial stewardship?
the systematic effort to educate prescribers to follow evidence-based prescribing, to stem overuse, and thus antimicrobial resistance.
what are superbugs?
Give examples
bacteria resistance to multiple antibiotics
MRSA. C.diff
how can we improve antimicrobial stewardship?
taking cultures before prescribing, following guidelines, prevention
what are some examples of hospital acquired infections?
norovirus COVID C.diff pneumonia Catheter associated UTIs MRSA
why are hospital acquired infections so bad?
They have a high incidence of resistance to microbial, they infect patients who are already unwell and have a high mortality rate
