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B9W5 > INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is a naevus?

A

A localised malformation of tissue structures formed by a cluster of melanin, also known as a moles

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2
Q

what does pruritus mean?

A

itching

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3
Q

what is erythema?

A

redness which blanches on pressure caused by inflammation and vasodilatation

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4
Q

what are macules?

A

A circumscribed, flat area of discolouration that is less than 10 mm in diameter e.g. a freckle

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5
Q

what are papules?

A

A solid, elevated lesion with no visible fluid which may be up to 0.5cm in diameter

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6
Q

what are pastules?

A

raised red lesions containing white/yellow pus (neutrophils)

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7
Q

what are petechiae?

A

a small red or purple spot caused by bleeding into the skin

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8
Q

what are ecchymoses?

A

A discolouration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising

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9
Q

what is hyper-pigmentation?

A

darker areas in the skin because of increased melanin

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10
Q

what is de-pigmentation?

A

white patches of skin due to absence of melanin

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11
Q

what is seborrhoea?

A

excessive discharge of sebum from sebaceous glands

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12
Q

what are open comedones?

A

blackheads

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13
Q

why do open comedones appear black?

A

because the enlarged hair follicle opening is filled with melanin

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14
Q

what are closed comedones?

A

white heads

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15
Q

what are nodules?

A

deep, inflamed solid lesions typically over 0.5cm in diameter that are frequently tender and painful

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16
Q

what are cysts?

A

a papule or nodule that contains fluid

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17
Q

what is lichenification?

A

when the skin thickens and becomes leathery

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18
Q

what is a bulla?

A

a large fluid-filled blister greater than 0.5cm

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19
Q

what are vesicles?

A

circumscribed epidermal elevations in the skin containing clear fluid and less than 0.5cm in diameter

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20
Q

what is a plaque?

A

an elevated area of skin of 2cm or more in diameter

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21
Q

what is the Koebner phenomenon?

A

The formation of skin lesions on parts of the body where a person doesn’t typically experience lesions

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22
Q

what is an abscess?

A

a localised accumulation of pus, similar to a pimple but larger and deeper under the skin

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23
Q

what is telangiectasia?

A

dilated or broken blood vessels located near the surface of the skin/mucous membrane. Often appears as fine red or pink lines which temporarily whiten when pressed

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24
Q

what is Breslow’s depth?

A

measuring, using an ocular micrometer, from the granular layer of the epidermis to the deepest point of invasion

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25
Q

what is dermatology?

A

a branch of medicine that deals with skin and diseases of the skin (including fat, hair, nails, oral and genital mucous membranes)

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26
Q

when inspecting a skin condition what should you look for in the general observation?

A 
SCAM
Size shape
Colour
Associated secondary changes
Morpolgy and margins
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27
Q

if the lesion is pigmented what should you look for?

A 
ABCD
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Colours (2 or more)
Diameter (>6mm?)
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28
Q

what does ‘generalised’ mean?

A

all over the body

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29
Q

what does ‘localised’ mean?

A

restricted to one area of the skin only

30
Q

what does ‘flexural’ mean?

A

within flexures e.g. behind ears or in folds of neck

31
Q

What is a PASI score?

A

Psoriasis Area and Severity Index

32
Q

what does the PASI score measure?

A

intensity
erythema
induration
desquamation

33
Q

what are woods lamps?

A

a light that uses long wave ultraviolet light for examining pigmentary changes and fluorescent infections

34
Q

what are dermascopes used to see?

A

pigmented lesions

35
Q

what are 3 examples of inflammatory dermatosis?

A

acne
atopic eczema
psoriasis

36
Q

how prevalent is acne?

A

85% of people between 12-25 years old

37
Q

what are the clinical features of acne?

A

seborrhoea, non-inflammatory lesions including open and closed comedones, inflammatory lesions including papules and pastules, nodules, scarring of various severity

38
Q

what does the presence of mid-facial comedones early on indicate?

A

the person is more likely to experience severe acne

39
Q

what are atrophic acne scars?

A

an indented scar that heals below the normal layer of skin tissue when tissue is unable to regenerate

40
Q

what are hypertrophic acne scars?

A

firm, raised scars that grow above the surface of the skin.

41
Q

when does atopic eczema develop?

A

in childhood

42
Q

why is atopic eczema a chronic condition?

A

because it relapses and remits after environmental triggers

43
Q

how does atopic eczema present?

A

itchy, erythematous dry scaly patches
in babies common on face and extensor aspects of limbs
As you grow up, more common on flexor aspects of limbs

44
Q

what is pompholyx eczema?

A

a type of eczema that causes tiny blisters to develop across the fingers, palms of the hands and sometimes the soles of the feet.

45
Q

what causes pompholyx eczema?

A

fungal infections
stress
sweating
reaction to something you touched

46
Q

what causes psoriasis?

A

hyper-proliferation of keratinocytes

47
Q

what’s the most common type of psoriasis?

A

plaque psoriasis

48
Q

how does plaque psoriasis present?

A

dry, red skin lesions (plaques) covered with silvery scales.

49
Q

what is erythroderma?

A

a severe and potentially life-threatening inflammation of most of the body’s skin surface

50
Q

what can cause erythroderma?

A

exacerbation of an underlying skin disease e.g. eczema, psoriasis

51
Q

what’s the physiology of skin infections?

A

when there is skin damage, the normal skin microflora penetrate and result in infection

52
Q

what are some common bacterial skin infections?

A

cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, folliculitis, and furuncles and carbuncles

53
Q

what are some common viral skin infections?

A 
chickenpox
shingles
warts
measles
hand, foot and mouth disease
54
Q

what are some common fungal skin infections?

A

athletes foot
jock itch
ringworm

55
Q

what are seborrheic keratoses?

A

a noncancerous (benign) growth on the skin. It’s color can range from white, tan, brown, or black. Most are raised and appear “stuck on” to the skin.

56
Q

what are the 4 main types of skin cancer?

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
Merkel cell cancer
melanoma

57
Q

what is the most preventable risk factor for skin cancer?

A

sun exposure

58
Q

what are the properties of basal cell skin cancer?

A
  • slow growing
  • locally invasive
  • malignant tumours of epidermal keratinocytes
59
Q

what are some risk factors of basal cell skin cancer?

A 
UV exposure
history of frequent or severe sunburn
having skin type 1
increasing age
male sex
immunosuppression
previous history of skin cancer
genetic predisposition
60
Q

how does basal cell cancer present?

A

nodular, superficial, cystic, morhoeic, sclerosis, keratotic or pigmented

61
Q

what is nodular basal cell carcinoma?

A

Small, skin-coloured papule or nodule with surface telangiectasia and a pearly rolled edge, the lesion may have a necrotic or ulcerated centre

62
Q

what is the most common form of skin cancer?

A

basal cell skin cancer

63
Q

what’s the second most common form of skin cancer?

A

squamous cell skin cancer

64
Q

how is squamous cell skin cancer characterised?

A

abnormal accelerated growth of squamous cells

scaly, red patches, open sores, wart like skin, raised growths with central depressions…

65
Q

what causes squamous cell skin cancer?

A

exposure to UV radiation

66
Q

what is malignant melanoma?

A

a neoplasm of melanocytes or a neoplasm of the cells that develop from melanocytes.

67
Q

what are the risk factors for malignant melanoma?

A

excessive UV exposure
skin type 1
history of multiple or atypical moles
family history/previous history of melanoma

68
Q

what are the types of malignant melanoma?

A

superficial spreading melanoma
nodular melanoma
lentigo maligna melanoma
acral lentiginous melanoma

69
Q

outline the Fitzpatrick scale?

A

Skin type 1 = always burns, never tans, palest, freckles

Skin type 2 = usually burns, tans minimally, light coloured

Skin type 3 = sometimes mildly burns, tans uniformly in a golden colour

Skin type 4 = burns minimally, tans well, moderate brown

Skin type 5 = rarely burns, tans very easily, dark brown

Skin type 6 = never burns, deeply pigmented

70
Q

what are some dermatological manifestations of liver disease?

A

pruritus
spider nave
palmar erythema
white nails

71
Q

what are some dermatological manifestations of diabetes mellitus?

A

gangrene, neuropathic ulcers, necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare

72
Q

what are some dermatological manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

erythema nodosum
pyoderma gangrenosum
anal fissures

B9W5 (7 decks)

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