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B9W5 > INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a naevus?

A

A localised malformation of tissue structures formed by a cluster of melanin, also known as a moles

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2
Q

what does pruritus mean?

A

itching

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3
Q

what is erythema?

A

redness which blanches on pressure caused by inflammation and vasodilatation

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4
Q

what are macules?

A

A circumscribed, flat area of discolouration that is less than 10 mm in diameter e.g. a freckle

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5
Q

what are papules?

A

A solid, elevated lesion with no visible fluid which may be up to 0.5cm in diameter

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6
Q

what are pastules?

A

raised red lesions containing white/yellow pus (neutrophils)

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7
Q

what are petechiae?

A

a small red or purple spot caused by bleeding into the skin

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8
Q

what are ecchymoses?

A

A discolouration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising

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9
Q

what is hyper-pigmentation?

A

darker areas in the skin because of increased melanin

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10
Q

what is de-pigmentation?

A

white patches of skin due to absence of melanin

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11
Q

what is seborrhoea?

A

excessive discharge of sebum from sebaceous glands

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12
Q

what are open comedones?

A

blackheads

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13
Q

why do open comedones appear black?

A

because the enlarged hair follicle opening is filled with melanin

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14
Q

what are closed comedones?

A

white heads

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15
Q

what are nodules?

A

deep, inflamed solid lesions typically over 0.5cm in diameter that are frequently tender and painful

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16
Q

what are cysts?

A

a papule or nodule that contains fluid

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17
Q

what is lichenification?

A

when the skin thickens and becomes leathery

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18
Q

what is a bulla?

A

a large fluid-filled blister greater than 0.5cm

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19
Q

what are vesicles?

A

circumscribed epidermal elevations in the skin containing clear fluid and less than 0.5cm in diameter

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20
Q

what is a plaque?

A

an elevated area of skin of 2cm or more in diameter

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21
Q

what is the Koebner phenomenon?

A

The formation of skin lesions on parts of the body where a person doesn’t typically experience lesions

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22
Q

what is an abscess?

A

a localised accumulation of pus, similar to a pimple but larger and deeper under the skin

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23
Q

what is telangiectasia?

A

dilated or broken blood vessels located near the surface of the skin/mucous membrane. Often appears as fine red or pink lines which temporarily whiten when pressed

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24
Q

what is Breslow’s depth?

A

measuring, using an ocular micrometer, from the granular layer of the epidermis to the deepest point of invasion

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25
what is dermatology?
a branch of medicine that deals with skin and diseases of the skin (including fat, hair, nails, oral and genital mucous membranes)
26
when inspecting a skin condition what should you look for in the general observation?
``` SCAM Size shape Colour Associated secondary changes Morpolgy and margins ```
27
if the lesion is pigmented what should you look for?
``` ABCD Asymmetry Border irregularity Colours (2 or more) Diameter (>6mm?) ```
28
what does 'generalised' mean?
all over the body
29
what does 'localised' mean?
restricted to one area of the skin only
30
what does 'flexural' mean?
within flexures e.g. behind ears or in folds of neck
31
What is a PASI score?
Psoriasis Area and Severity Index
32
what does the PASI score measure?
intensity erythema induration desquamation
33
what are woods lamps?
a light that uses long wave ultraviolet light for examining pigmentary changes and fluorescent infections
34
what are dermascopes used to see?
pigmented lesions
35
what are 3 examples of inflammatory dermatosis?
acne atopic eczema psoriasis
36
how prevalent is acne?
85% of people between 12-25 years old
37
what are the clinical features of acne?
seborrhoea, non-inflammatory lesions including open and closed comedones, inflammatory lesions including papules and pastules, nodules, scarring of various severity
38
what does the presence of mid-facial comedones early on indicate?
the person is more likely to experience severe acne
39
what are atrophic acne scars?
an indented scar that heals below the normal layer of skin tissue when tissue is unable to regenerate
40
what are hypertrophic acne scars?
firm, raised scars that grow above the surface of the skin.
41
when does atopic eczema develop?
in childhood
42
why is atopic eczema a chronic condition?
because it relapses and remits after environmental triggers
43
how does atopic eczema present?
itchy, erythematous dry scaly patches in babies common on face and extensor aspects of limbs As you grow up, more common on flexor aspects of limbs
44
what is pompholyx eczema?
a type of eczema that causes tiny blisters to develop across the fingers, palms of the hands and sometimes the soles of the feet.
45
what causes pompholyx eczema?
fungal infections stress sweating reaction to something you touched
46
what causes psoriasis?
hyper-proliferation of keratinocytes
47
what's the most common type of psoriasis?
plaque psoriasis
48
how does plaque psoriasis present?
dry, red skin lesions (plaques) covered with silvery scales.
49
what is erythroderma?
a severe and potentially life-threatening inflammation of most of the body's skin surface
50
what can cause erythroderma?
exacerbation of an underlying skin disease e.g. eczema, psoriasis
51
what's the physiology of skin infections?
when there is skin damage, the normal skin microflora penetrate and result in infection
52
what are some common bacterial skin infections?
cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, folliculitis, and furuncles and carbuncles
53
what are some common viral skin infections?
``` chickenpox shingles warts measles hand, foot and mouth disease ```
54
what are some common fungal skin infections?
athletes foot jock itch ringworm
55
what are seborrheic keratoses?
a noncancerous (benign) growth on the skin. It's color can range from white, tan, brown, or black. Most are raised and appear "stuck on" to the skin.
56
what are the 4 main types of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma Merkel cell cancer melanoma
57
what is the most preventable risk factor for skin cancer?
sun exposure
58
what are the properties of basal cell skin cancer?
- slow growing - locally invasive - malignant tumours of epidermal keratinocytes
59
what are some risk factors of basal cell skin cancer?
``` UV exposure history of frequent or severe sunburn having skin type 1 increasing age male sex immunosuppression previous history of skin cancer genetic predisposition ```
60
how does basal cell cancer present?
nodular, superficial, cystic, morhoeic, sclerosis, keratotic or pigmented
61
what is nodular basal cell carcinoma?
Small, skin-coloured papule or nodule with surface telangiectasia and a pearly rolled edge, the lesion may have a necrotic or ulcerated centre
62
what is the most common form of skin cancer?
basal cell skin cancer
63
what's the second most common form of skin cancer?
squamous cell skin cancer
64
how is squamous cell skin cancer characterised?
abnormal accelerated growth of squamous cells | scaly, red patches, open sores, wart like skin, raised growths with central depressions...
65
what causes squamous cell skin cancer?
exposure to UV radiation
66
what is malignant melanoma?
a neoplasm of melanocytes or a neoplasm of the cells that develop from melanocytes.
67
what are the risk factors for malignant melanoma?
excessive UV exposure skin type 1 history of multiple or atypical moles family history/previous history of melanoma
68
what are the types of malignant melanoma?
superficial spreading melanoma nodular melanoma lentigo maligna melanoma acral lentiginous melanoma
69
outline the Fitzpatrick scale?
Skin type 1 = always burns, never tans, palest, freckles Skin type 2 = usually burns, tans minimally, light coloured Skin type 3 = sometimes mildly burns, tans uniformly in a golden colour Skin type 4 = burns minimally, tans well, moderate brown Skin type 5 = rarely burns, tans very easily, dark brown Skin type 6 = never burns, deeply pigmented
70
what are some dermatological manifestations of liver disease?
pruritus spider nave palmar erythema white nails
71
what are some dermatological manifestations of diabetes mellitus?
gangrene, neuropathic ulcers, necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare
72
what are some dermatological manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease?
erythema nodosum pyoderma gangrenosum anal fissures

B9W5 (7 decks)

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