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A-level Geography > Resource Security > Flashcards

Resource Security Flashcards

1
Q

resource

A

any aspect of the natural environment that can be used to meet human needs.
they have economic value and so can improve a country’s wealth or economic development.
they are unevenly distributed around the world, this results in trade.

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2
Q

flow

A

a synonym for renewable resources.

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3
Q

renewable

A

Know as infinite. Have a natural rate of availability. Have a continuous yield which can be consumed at any time without endangering future consumption

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4
Q

stock

A

a synonym for non-renewable resources

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5
Q

non-renewable

A

Known as finite. Have been built up over millions of years. They cannot be used without depleting the stock and they will eventually run out.

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6
Q

sustainable development

A

development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations

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7
Q

non-critical renewable

A

everlasting resources

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8
Q

critical renewable

A

sustainable energy resources that require careful management or else they will run out

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9
Q

primary energy

A

energy sources in raw form that are used to produce secondary energy resources

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10
Q

secondary energy

A

manufactured sources of power

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11
Q

resource security

A

the ability of a country to safeguard a reliable and sustainable flow of resources to maintain the living standards of the population while ensuring economic and social development

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12
Q

recyclable

A

the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. Recycling can prevent the waste potentially useful materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials

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13
Q

what are the 3 steps of natural resource development

A
  1. exploration
  2. exploitation
  3. development
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14
Q

exploration

A

the process of searching and area to try and find, map and evaluate the size of natural resources

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15
Q

exploitation

A

the action of extracting and using natural resources to the fullest or most profitable use

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16
Q

development

A

the action of refining, distribution, marketing and sales of a resource

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17
Q

what factors decide whether to exploit a resource or not

A 
quantity
quality
laws
accessibility 
technology
economic viability
market price
attitudes of people/ government
environmental impact
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18
Q

development of a resource will only go ahead if it is…

A

economically viable

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19
Q

explain the 7 stages of non-renewable resource development

A 
geological exploration (UPSTREAM)
if successful and viable
initial drilling and establish extraction infrastructure
extraction
storage and transport
processing/ refining
distribution to markets (DOWNSTREAM)
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20
Q

as of 2018 what % of global energy is supplied by fossil fuels

A

81%

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21
Q

name 5 examples of resource frontiers

A 
Chad, Africa
South Sudan, Africa
Amazon rainforest, Brazil
The Arctic
Mongolia
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22
Q

resource frontier

A

a place with natural resources that are being exploited for the first time.
often very remote areas with technical difficulties and have environmental sensitivities
sometimes in politically unstable areas
they are developed as other resources are depleting
increased demand makes it economically viable

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23
Q

resource peak

A

when a stock resources reaches maximum production level. After this supply will decline and prices will rise

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24
Q

what is an example of a resource peak

A

peak oil

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25
Q

when did the UK pass peak oil

A

1999

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26
Q

what can result in the slowing down of depletion of peak oil

A

new technology which allows hard to reach reserves to be exploited

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27
Q

what kind of countries consume the most energy

A

mainly HIC’s

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28
Q

which countries consume the largest amount of energy

A

china is the largest consumer and USA is the second largest

However, the USA consumes more energy per capita than China

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29
Q

why has there been a rapid increase in energy consumption worldwide in the last 50 years

A

due to rise in living standards and countries start to industrialise very rapidly

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30
Q

-0.5 to 0.5

A

no significance

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31
Q

0.5 to 0.7

A

limited positive correlation

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32
Q

-0.5 to -0.7

A

limited negative correlation

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33
Q

-0.7 to -1.0

A

significant negative correlation

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34
Q

0.7 to 1.0

A

significant positive correlation

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35
Q

factors influencing energy consumption

A 
technology
resource availability
energy efficiency
GDP per capita
government policy
environmental concerns
cost of energy supplies 
population size
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36
Q

what is the most traded fossil fuel

A

oil

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37
Q

why is oil in such high demand

A

due to the mismatch between areas of production and consumption

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38
Q

what problems does the trade of oil cause

A

environmental risks due to pipelines and tankers.

geopolitics issues with Middle Eastern countries.

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39
Q

what are the problems with trading gas

A

can be traded through pipelines which are very expensive.

the trade can be disrupted by political issues

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40
Q

what type of energy is not usually traded

A

renewable energy

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41
Q

what type of renewable energy can be traded

A

electricity

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42
Q

why can’t renewable energy be traded

A

they provide energy in situ

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43
Q

how can electricity be traded

A

can be traded across international borders via interconnectors

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44
Q

what is an example of an interconnector

A

UK, France

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45
Q

why is coal less economically viable to trade

A

it has lower value and is very bulky so hard to transport

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46
Q

geopolitics

A

the way in which political decisions and processes affect the way space and resources are used on an international scale

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47
Q

energy pathway

A

the flow of energy from the producer to the consumer

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48
Q

energy security

A

the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price

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49
Q

OPEC

A

organisation of petroleum exporting countries.

its members own half of the worlds oil reserves.

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50
Q

how can the OPEC manage oil sale

A

they can cut production and raise the price or they can increase production and reduce the price

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51
Q

energy surplus

A

meaning a country has more energy than is needed, so they can export

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52
Q

example of energy surplus

A

saudi arabia

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53
Q

energy deficit

A

a country doesn’t have the energy resources required the fulfil demand, they have to import energy

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54
Q

example of energy deficit

A

UK

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55
Q

what two countries are energy sufficient

A

Brazil and Denmark

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56
Q

where does the UK import energy from

A

many countries

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57
Q

net importer

A

countries that import more than they export

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58
Q

net exporter

A

countries that export more than they import

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59
Q

describe the geographical distribution of the top 10 oil producers

A

concentrated in the Middle East and the rest are widely distributed

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60
Q

what are the benefits to a country being a top 10 oil producer

A

they are energy sufficient and do not need to rely on imports, they can also export energy to make a profit boosting their economy

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61
Q

why might the pattern of oil producing countries change in the future

A

resource frontiers allow more oil to be extracted along with new technology

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62
Q

what kind of countries are oil importers

A

HiC’s and EE’s

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63
Q

why would countries need to import oil

A

if they have a energy deficit

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64
Q

why are the countries that import oil potentially vulnerable

A

they are vulnerable to rising prices

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65
Q

what are the 8 factors that can disrupt energy pathways

A
  1. price and payment disputes
  2. piracy
  3. conflict closing choke points
  4. political unrest
  5. diversion of supply
  6. technical problems
  7. supply runs out
  8. natural disasters
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66
Q

when was the 1970’s oil price shock

A

October 1973 - march 1974

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67
Q

what did the oil barrel price rise to in the oil price shock

A

$3 to $12

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68
Q

what caused the 1970’s oil price shock

A

Arab oil producers imposed an emarbgo on western countries in response to supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur war

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69
Q

what was the advantages as the oil price shock for the UK

A

the North Sea resource frontier was established (because it was economically viable) allowing the uk to become a net exporter

high oil prices encouraged the move to smaller cars made by Japanese companies, their experience resurrected uk manufacturing

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70
Q

what were the disadvantages of the oil price shock for the UK

A

price of petrol rocketed so transport more expensive

trade unions claim for higher wages and the introduction of 3 day week

high food prices due to global shortages

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71
Q

what physical geography influences sources of energy

A

geology
climate
drainage

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72
Q

what conditions are needed for solar energy

A 
sunlight
clear skies
long days
low air pollution
less dense air
73
Q

why is solar exposure better in mountains

A

the air is thinner and scatters less sunlight

74
Q

where is an example of solar power

A

solar power plant, spain

75
Q

what conditions are needed for wind power

A 
minimum wind speed 7-10 mph
optimum wind speed 25-35 mph
maximum wind speed over 50 mph
turbines need space to avoid eddying 
low lying coastal areas are best
76
Q

onshore wind power example

A

whitelee windfarm, Glasgow

77
Q

offshore wind power example

A

North Hoyle wind farm, Wales

78
Q

what conditions are needed for HEP

A

large drainage basin
regular rainfall
change in gradient so water falls
cool temperatures so water doesn’t evaporate
stable underlying geology with impermeable rock

79
Q

where is an example of HEP power

A

grand Ethiopian renaissance dam, Ethiopia

80
Q

what is the major condition needed for fossil fuels

A

geology

81
Q

what are two examples of fossil fuel locations

A

oil extraction, Saudi Arabia

fracking shale gas, North Dakota usa

82
Q

what are the 5 steps of coalification

A
  1. 360 mil years ago plant debris buried under layers of mud and sand
  2. decomposition slowed down due to anaerobic conditions under the layers
  3. slowly decomposing material sank under weight of more sediment
  4. increasing weight, layers subject to increasing amount of heat and pressure
  5. increased heat and pressure reduces moisture, so carbon content of coal is increased
83
Q

state the 6 steps to the formation of oil and gas

A
  1. organic material settle to bottom of sea
  2. material buried and fossilised by sediment on top
  3. organic matter pressurised and heated gradually to form oil, under hotter conditions it forms gas
  4. pressure continues to rise forcing gas upwards into more porous rocks
  5. some may escape but some come up against a layer of impermeable rock (cap rock)
  6. the oil and gas build up in the cap rock forming a reservoir trapped by impermeable rock
84
Q

what is a transnational company

A

a company that operates in at least 2 countries

85
Q

what is the main factor attracting TNCs to a country

A

access to raw materials

86
Q

what are the influential factors attracting TNCs to a country

A

access to markets

friendly government policies

87
Q

why do TNCs dominate the energy industry

A

large investments of capital are needed

they can influence politics, economy and environment

88
Q

what are the advantages of fracking

A 
creates jobs
reduces reliance on imports
cheap homegrown energy
helps energy security
benefits industry
sale of land- some become millionaires
community benefits
89
Q

what are the disadvantages of fracking

A 
non-renewable energy will run out
release co2 contribute to climate change
infrastructure creates blot on landscape
chemicals can pollute groundwater/ public supply
chemical use concerns local peoples health
noise disturbance to local residents
decrease in local property price
leads to earthquake activity
90
Q

shale rock

A

porous rock that exists in layers and in some areas can hold gas and oil in tiny pores

91
Q

how many years does uranium have left

A

80

92
Q

how is nuclear energy produced

A

the splitting (fission) of uranium atoms, controlled inside a nuclear reactor and the heat given off is transferred by a coolant to generate electricity. The heat creates steam which drive turbines.

93
Q

what percentage of world energy is nuclear

A

6%

94
Q

why do mainly HIC’s use nuclear power

A

require advanced technology and a huge investment

95
Q

how much nuclear power does the UK use

A

9%

96
Q

how much nuclear power does France use

A

78%

97
Q

where are nuclear power stations located

A

near to the coast so there is a large amount of water for cooling.
away from centres of population due to explosion risk.
near to existing nuclear sites

98
Q

what can nuclear fuel also be called

A

spent fuel

99
Q

historically how was nuclear waste managed

A

low level waste was pumped out into Irish Sea, large quantities of radioactive waste lie on the seabed

100
Q

how is nuclear waste managed today

A

waste is stored in sealed steel drums which are encased in concrete. Huge cooling coils in the tanks cool the heat the waste produces

101
Q

what is the governments target to reduce energy consumption

A

reduce by 20% by 2030

102
Q

the greenhouse effect

A

the natural process whereby greenhouse gases absorb outgoing infra-red radiation, keeping the atmosphere warm enough for life

103
Q

greenhouse gases

A

methane, hydrofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide

104
Q

global warming

A

an increase in the earths average temperatures due to human activity increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and reducing carbon sinks

105
Q

anthropogenic climate change

A

human activity which increases the proportion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and reduces carbon sinks, leading to an enhanced greenhouse gas effect, changing climates

106
Q

what is acid rain waters ph

A

less than 5.6

107
Q

why is acid rain referred to as a trans-boundary pollution event

A

because the gases can be blown across countries before they fall as acid rain

108
Q

biomass

A

decaying plant or animal waste which can be burned to provide energy

109
Q

solar energy

A

energy from sunlight is captured in solar panels and converted using photovoltaic cells into electricity

110
Q

wind energy

A

wind turbines turn wind energy into electricity by a generator, built onshore and offshore in exposed areas where there is a high chance of stronger winds along coastlines

111
Q

wave energy

A

the movement of seawater in and out of a cavity on the shore compresses trapped air, driving a turbine which is connected to a generator

112
Q

tidal energy

A

tidal barrages built across estuaries. As tide flows in and out water passes through gates in the barrage turning a turbine which generates electricity

113
Q

geothermal energy

A

in volcanic regions it is possible to use the natural heat of the earth. Cold water is pumped underground and comes out as steam, the steam can be used for heating or to turn a turbine for electricity

114
Q

HEP

A

dams are built to trap large volumes of water. Tunnels containing turbines are built into the dams. The pressure of the water above drives water through the tunnels, turning the turbines, generators convert this to electricity

115
Q

wave energy example

A

Hebrides, scotland

116
Q

tidal energy example

A

range estuary barrage, northern France

117
Q

biomass example

A

centre parcs, uk

118
Q

HEP example

A

grand Ethiopian renaissance dam

119
Q

geothermal example

A

Iceland

120
Q

demand management

A

techniques used to reduce energy consumption and use energy more efficiently

121
Q

combined heat and power

A

generates electricity while also capturing useable heat produced in the process

122
Q

energy performance certificate

A

part of the governed strategy to tackle climate change.
must be issued when a new property id sold or rented.
info about a properties typical energy use and recomendations on how to save money

123
Q

hybrid

A

part battery, part diesel

124
Q

brownfield site

A

any previously developed land that is not currently in use but could potentially be contaminated

125
Q

acid rain

A

any form of precipitation with acidic components

126
Q

river abstraction

A

permanent or temporary removal of water from a river, lake, reservoir or estuary

127
Q

boreholes

A

deep narrow hole into the water table to locate water

128
Q

aquifers

A

porous rock underground that hold water

129
Q

water surplus

A

excess water available to the system

130
Q

water deficit

A

when water demand exceeds supply

131
Q

chloropleth map

A

thematic map which a set of pre defined areas is coloured or patterned in proportion to a statistical variable

132
Q

irrigation

A

the artificial process of applying controlled amounts of water to land to assist in production of crops, helping to grow agriculture

133
Q

climate

A

the average weather conditions of a place over a long period of time

134
Q

drainage

A

surface runoff of water, influenced by the permeability go the geology

135
Q

geology

A

structure of the earths material including rocks and soils

136
Q

how does geology influence water supply

A

determines whether water stays on the surface or goes underground into groundwater

137
Q

how does drainage influence water supply

A

impermeable rock leads to water going to the surface stores such as rivers and lakes.
flows of surface stores such as rivers may vary during the year.

138
Q

how does climate influence water supply

A

determines the amount of water available.
seasonal variations in rainfall can impact water supply.
temperature influences rate of evaporation

139
Q

unconfined aquifer

A

a store of water underground that adjusts with the water table

140
Q

confined aquifer

A

a store of water underground with impermeable rock above and below

141
Q

river regime

A

the annual pattern of the rise and fall of river levels

142
Q

equatorial climate

A

a hot tropical climate where there is high rainfall all year round

143
Q

monsoon climate

A

a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry season

144
Q

temperate climate

A

a moderate climate with no extremes in temperature

145
Q

arid climate

A

a climate with low annual precipitation

146
Q

mediterranean climate

A

a climate with warm dry summer and mild wet winters

147
Q

polar climate

A

year round cold climate temperatures often below 0

148
Q

how much of the earths water can be used for human use

A

less than 1%

149
Q

7 sources of water

A 
river abstraction
resovoirs
boreholes
aquifers
snow/glacier melt 
desalination
water reuse
150
Q

how much water is used for agriculture

A

70%

151
Q

how much water is used domestically

A

8%

152
Q

how much water is used in industry

A

22%

153
Q

water security

A

the capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of quality water for, sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, socio-economic development, and ensuring protection against water-borne pollution and water related disasters, preserving ecosystems in a climate of peace and political stability

154
Q

examples of water surplus

A

UK, Norway, Iceland

155
Q

examples of water deficit

A

South Africa, South Sudan, Nigeria

156
Q

water stress

A

less than 1700m3 of water per person per year

157
Q

why is population growth increasing global water demand

A

more people means more water is needed for drinking, washing, growing food, electricity generation.
As rates of urbanisation increase so does water demand

158
Q

why is economic development increasing global water demand

A

as countries develop, energy use increases and manufacturing grows both of which use lots of water.
As peoples death increases they can afford flushing toilets, showers. Peoples diets may also become more meat based which require more water.

159
Q

how can climate change cause water stress

A

increasing global temperatures increase evaporation rates and affect rainfall patterns

160
Q

physical water scarcity

A

arid areas receiving less than 500mm of annual rain. Rainfall not adequate

161
Q

economic water scarcity

A

exists when a population does not have the economic means to use adequate supply of water. Lack of investment in infrastructure and distribution

162
Q

examples of physical water scarcity

A

pakistan

163
Q

examples of economic water scarcity

A

peru

164
Q

what are the 4 main methods of increasing water supply

A

catchment and management
diversion
storage and transfers
desalination

165
Q

diversion

A

changing the course of a river to take water resources to a different area.
moving water from areas of surplus to areas of deficit via pipes, tunnels

166
Q

catchment and management

A

collecting water for use.

rain water harvesting intercepts water before it hits the ground and stores it in tanks

167
Q

desalination

A

the removal of salts and minerals from saline water so that it ca be used fro human consumption or irrigation.
the sea water can be passed through membranes to remove the salt this is called reverse osmosis

168
Q

storage and transfer

A

water can be stored during times of surplus and the used during times of deficit.
building a dam across a river traps water creating a reservoir, this is filled during heavy rainfall and is released during drier periods

169
Q

desalination example

A

saudi arabia

170
Q

catchment example

A

bermuda - every house has a stepped roof

171
Q

diversion example

A

thirlmere aqueduct

172
Q

storage and transfer example

A

grand Ethiopian renaissance dam

173
Q

drip irrigation

A

to avoid wasting water, pipes direct water to each individual plant

174
Q

mulch

A

bark chips help water conservation by forming layer above the soil which reduces evaporation and therefore water loss

175
Q

grey water

A

a type of recycled water (e.g. from showers). The water is relatively clean so it can be used to water gardens or flush toilets

176
Q

cover crops

A

species are rotated within cash crops to blanket the soil year round, reducing evaporation rates

177
Q

minimal ploughing

A

ploughing exposes the soil to the atmosphere and increases evaporation. minimal ploughing reduces evaporation from soil

178
Q

displacement bag

A

placed in the cistern of a toilet which reduces the volume of water used when flushed

179
Q

contour ploughing

A

ploughing across a slope reduces runoff

A-level Geography (2 decks)

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