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resource managment Flashcards

1
Q

3 main resources

A

food, water, energy

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2
Q

What are food miles

A

the miles your food travels to get to you (from field to plate)

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3
Q

What you carbon footprint

A

our carbon footprint is the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere due to our actions.

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4
Q

what is malnourishment

A

when people don’t have the right balance of nutrients.

  • May limit children’s development
  • Increases likelihood of getting ill
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5
Q

what is energy needed for

A

Industry
Transport
Homes

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6
Q

what does electricity do for development

A

Electricity allows a country to develop industry creating jobs and wealth

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7
Q

how much electricity do HICs need

A

depend on large supplies

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8
Q

what is NEEs and LICs use instead of electricity

A

LICs and NEEs use other resources like burning wood (can lead to local deforestation) and kerosene stoves (release harmful fuels)

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9
Q

Why do people need water

A

People need clean, safe water for cooking, drinking, washing, produce clothing and food

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10
Q

What happens without proper water sanitation

A

Without proper sanitation water sources can get polluted - water borne disease kills many people

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11
Q

Describe global distribution

A

Uneven
Dry environments are not suitable for food production
Importing is expensive
Consumption of resources depends on country’s wealth and resource availability

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12
Q

Consumption of resources for HICs

A

Consumption is GREATER - afford to buy

Import

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13
Q

Consumption of resources for LICs

A

Consumption is LOWER - can’t afford to buy
EXPLOIT resources
IMPORT lacking resources

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14
Q

Consumption of resources for NEEs

A

Consumption is INCREASING RAPIDLY

Wealth is INCREASING

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15
Q

describe food provision in the uk

A

Food consumption and food miles have increased as our population has increased

There is a strong demand for unseasonal food and variety

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16
Q

high-value foods

A

Incomes increased = increase in exotic fruits, vegetables, spices, coffee
Often exported from LICs

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17
Q

seasonal products

A

Only available during growing season

Imported to meet demands all year round

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18
Q

carbon footprint relating to food

A

Growing, processing and packaging of food produced CO2
Food miles = more CO2
People are looking for locally sourced goods to reduce their carbon footprint

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19
Q

What is agribusiness, pros and cons

A

Large scale industrial farming

Pro of agribusiness
More food so they get more money
Con of agribusiness
Worst quality food, high investment so it’s risky

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20
Q

Importing food, Social, economic, environmental and political

A

Social:
Farmers who switch from subsistence farming to commercial farming make more money due to the high demand of food = reduces the amount of food produced for local people, they have to import expensive food.
If food prices go down, farmers might not earn enough money to make a living.
If farmers get more customers they will be able to spend more money, benefiting their quality of life

Economic:
Poverty cycle. It is very hard to get out of the poverty cycle as you borrow more money to pay off debt but by borrowing money you are creating more debt.
Vicious cycle
Rural debt
Famers get more money because there is a higher demand for food.

Environmental:
Increased food miles
More farming will increase carbon footprint
Marginal land - increased degradation
A wide range of food is available
Out of season products – it may be more environmentally friendly to import food items rather than use home produced food.

Political:
lots of water is needed to produce lots of food, some countries with a low rainfall face water shortages as food demand increases.

tension between countries that use the same water source.

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21
Q

why do we need more water in the uk

A

Population growth
Hygiene habits
Farming practices - water intensive
Homes
Heating
Water intensive appliances (washing machines, dishwashers)
Climate change - as temperature increases we need more water
Fertilisers leaching nitrates into the supplies making water unsafe to drink from

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22
Q

what is water supply

A

the provision of water by individuals, communities, public bodies or companies.

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23
Q

what is water demand

A

the quantity of water required to meet people’s needs

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24
Q

what are water transfer schemes

A

move water via pipe or truck from areas of supply to areas of demand.

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25
Q

what is water surplus

A

Water surplus is when there is more supply of water then needed.

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26
Q

what is water deceit

A

Water deficits occur when water demand exceeds supply.

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27
Q

what is water stress

A

Water stress is when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period.

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28
Q

effects of water transfer

A

The effects of water transfer are: river habitats need to be protected, high cost, greenhouse gases are released when pumping water over long distances.

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29
Q

patterns for water stress in uk

A

These patterns account for the pattern of water stress as highly populated places such as London have moderate rainfall meaning there is water stress in these areas. Scotland is a low populated area and has very high rainfall meaning there is water surplus.

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30
Q

how do we manage water quality

A

We can:
Monitor the quality of river water
Filter water to remove sediment
Purify water by adding chlorine
Restrict recreational use of water sources
Impose strict regulations on the use of water

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31
Q

why is water management needed ?

A

Water management is needed as it helps keep our water safe. Water management is the regard to completing demands for water and seeks to allocate it equally to satisfy all uses and demands.

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32
Q

3 main energy sources

A

coal, oil, gas

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33
Q

Describe how the UK’s energy mix has changed

A

In 1990 ¾ of the UK’s energy came from coal with the rest mostly coming from nuclear. These are non-renewable energy sources meaning they are bad for the environment. In 2007 there was a mix of coal, gas and nuclear energy being used. These are still all non-renewable resources. However in 2014 we were much more aware about what we are using. There were other resources like solar and wind energy becoming more popular. About ⅓ of energy was coming from coal and 2/4 coming from nuclear and gas. ⅙ of energy is used from renewable energy. Overall there has been a change in the energy mix. Oil has been taken out of the mix. Gas has become more popular over the years as well as renewable energy.

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34
Q

what is fracking

A

The process of drilling down into the earth and then a high-pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release the gas inside.

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35
Q

what are fossil fuels

A

fuels derived from the remains of dead plants and animals. Coal, oil and gas. Non-renewable (finite).

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36
Q

what is non-renewable energy

A

can’t be used again, finite

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37
Q

what is renewable energy

A

can be used again, infinite. E.g wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal

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38
Q

what is energy mix

A

the sources, ways and proportion we use to obtain the energy and needs a country has

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39
Q

what is energy security

A

secure sufficient and affordable energy supplies

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40
Q

what is energy conversation

A

reducing energy consumption by using less energy and existing resources more efficiently

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41
Q

economic issues with extraction of fossil fuels:

A
  • expensive extracting and producing
  • money is needed for research (shale gas - initial investment)
  • the cost to consumer for nuclear and renewable energy is high
  • domestic sources don’t currently provide enough energy to meet demand so uk pays more to import energy
42
Q

environmental issues with extraction of fossil fuels:

A
  • burning of fossil fuels release CO2 and other greenhouse gases
  • fracking may pollute underwater and cause mini earthquakes
  • accidents can leak toxic chemicals
  • natural ecosystems can be damaged
  • power stations and wind frames are considered as eyesores
43
Q

How much food does North America and East Asia produce

A

a lot

44
Q

How much food does central America and Africa produce

A

small amounts

45
Q

food intake of HICs

A
  • they eat a lot
  • they can afford to import large variety
  • people have high income so can buy more
  • e.g USA
46
Q

food intake of LICs

A
  • consume less food
  • less food is available
  • can’t afford as much
  • e.g Ethiopia
47
Q

food intake of NEEs

A
  • consuming more as their wealth increases

- e.g China

48
Q

What is food security

A

when people are able to eat enough nutritious food to stay healthy and active

49
Q

What is food insecurity

A

when people can’t get enough food to stay healthy and active

50
Q

why is food consumption in the world increasing?

A
  1. rising population
  2. Economic development
    - more income to spend on food, can afford to import all year round, agriculture
51
Q

Physical factors that affect food production and accessibility

A

Climate - unsuitable for farming
Water stress- areas with low rainfall struggle to grow
Pests and disease - pests reduce yield, disease damage crops

52
Q

Human factors that affect food production and accessibility

A

Poverty - don’t own land, can’t afford to import
Technology - new technologies can increase yield, increase productivity
Conflict - difficult to import, damage to agricultural land, unsafe to farm etc.
Population growth - more people = more food

53
Q

Food insecurity can lead to….

A 
famine
undernutrition 
soil erosion - overgrazing, over using
rising prices 
social unrest
deforestation - strip soil
54
Q

what does irrigation involve

A

involves artificially watering the land. It can be used to make dry areas more productive increase number of harvests and yield

55
Q

three main types of irrigation

A

gravity flow
sprinklers
drip systems

56
Q

technologies to increase food production

A

irrigation
hydroponics and aeroponics
biotechnology
appropriate technology

57
Q

what is hydroponics

A

Hydroponics is the cultivation of plants without using soil. Hydroponic flowers, herbs, and vegetables are planted in inert growing media and supplied with nutrient-rich solutions, oxygen, and water. This system fosters rapid growth, stronger yields, and superior quality.

58
Q

what is aeroponics

A

a plant-cultivation technique in which the roots hang suspended in the air while nutrient solution is delivered to them in the form of a fine mist.
- nutrient mist

59
Q

what is biotechnology

A

involves genetically engineered crops to improve production. GM crops can be designed to have higher yields, resistance, higher nutrients value

60
Q

what is appropriate technology

A

choosing ways of increasing food production that are suited to the local environment

e.g mechanical pumps, local materials

61
Q

negative impacts of industrial agriculture

A

pollutes water ( chemical pesticides), makes soil less productive, uses 70% of world’s water supply

62
Q

what is organic farming

A

Organic farming can be defined as a system of management and agricultural production that combines a high level of biodiversity with environmental practices that preserve natural resources and has rigorous standards for animal welfare

63
Q

what is permaculture

A

produces food in a way that recreates natural ecosystems to protect soil, insects and other wildlife

64
Q

what is urban farming initiatives

A

using empty land, rooftops, balconies to grow food

65
Q

explain meat and fish sustainability

A

fish are overfished due to increase consumption. Sustainable fishing involves limits on how much you can fish

sustainable meat involves feeding animals local produce

66
Q

3 ways to be sustainable with food

A

sustainable fish and meat sources
seasonal food consumption
reduced waste and loses

67
Q

what is water insecurity

A

not having enough clean water

68
Q

where is there water insecurity

A

areas of low rainfall and high population density e.g Mexico

69
Q

where is their water security

A

areas with high rainfall , low population density e.g Brazil

70
Q

global demand for water is rising due to….

A

rising population, economic development

71
Q

physical factors affecting water security

A

climate, geology

72
Q

human factors affecting water security

A

over-abstraction
polluted water sources
limited infrastructure
poverty

73
Q

water insecurity can lead to…

A

pollution and disease
reduced food production
conflict
reduced industrial output

74
Q

ways water supply can be increased

A

dams and reservoirs - store
water diversion - redivert to location
water transfer - - move to area of deceit
desalination - removes salt from seawater so it can be used

75
Q

examples of sustainable water supply

A

water conservation - using less water
groundwater management - not removed faster than it is replaced
recycling water - from homes to plants
‘grey’ water - reused immediately without treatment

76
Q

what is energy security

A

having a reliable affordable supply of energy

77
Q

countries with large energy reserves

A

iran - oil
china, Australia - coal
uk, russia - oil and gas

78
Q

countries with little energy reserves

A

ireland, sudan

79
Q

energy in wealthy countries

A

they consume a lot and have more access because they can afford it

80
Q

energy in poor countries

A

consume less, less dependent, less available

81
Q

energy surplus

A

more energy than requires

82
Q

energy deceit (insecurity)

A

less than required

83
Q

3 reasons why global demand for energy is increasing

A

rising population
economic development
technological advances

84
Q

physical factors that affect energy supply

A
  • global distribution is unequal
  • fossil fuels are non-renewable
  • location of fossil fuels
  • climate
  • natural disasters
85
Q

technological factors that affect energy supply

A
  • possible to exploit new resources
  • easier to exploit existing resources
  • some countries can’t afford technology
86
Q

economic factors that affect energy supply

A
  • non-renewable energy is more expensive
  • prices of fossil fuels can vary (countries might not always be able to afford with changing prices)
  • too expensive to exploit
  • building new energy infrastructure is expensive
87
Q

political factors that affect energy supply

A
  • political instability
  • climate change
  • concerns over safety
88
Q

environmental and economic impacts of energy insecurity

A
  • fossil fuels are used up, less access, more environmentally sensitive to exploit
  • increase in cost
  • damage to environment
89
Q

food production impacts of energy insecurity

A
  • can limit how many agricultural machines can be used
  • demand for cleaner and cheaper energy
  • growing biofuel crops takes up land
90
Q

industrial output impacts of energy insecurity

A
  • energy shortages and higher costs reduce output

- higher costs are passed on to consumer

91
Q

potential conflict impacts of energy insecurity

A
  • political instability when demand exceeds supply

- conflict between countries with surplus and deceit

92
Q

types of renewable energy

A 
solar
hydro
geothermal 
tidal 
wave
wind 
biomass
93
Q

examples of non-renewable energy

A

fossil fuels
- supply can increase by looking for new reserves
nuclear
- can generate large amounts of energy from a small amount of fuel

94
Q

advantages of fracking

A
  • lots of shale gas available in the uk
  • increases uk’s energy security
  • gas is less polluting
  • cheaper than some other fossil fuels
95
Q

disadvantages of fracking

A
  • not a sustainable source
    risks of polluting groundwater
  • uses lots of water
96
Q

what is sustainable energy

A

sustainable energy provides energy today without preventing future from meeting their energy needs

97
Q

3 ways energy use can be reduced

A 
sustianable design 
- insulation 
- solar panels
transport 
- switching for electric 
- biofuel 
demand reduction 
- giving people incentive to lower their energy use
- improving public transport
- encourage walking or cycling 
smart energy meters 
using technology to increase efficiency 
- energy saving light bulbs
- hybrid cars
98
Q

indus drainage basin

A

Water resources in Pakistan are based on the flows of the Indus River.
Some tributaries include: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej.
The Indus River has a total length of 2900 km and a drainage area of ∼966,000 km2

The Indus Basin Irrigation system is an irrigation system that provides water for over 1,600,000 km squared of Pakistan’s agricultural land. It is the largest irrigation system in the world. The Indus Basin Irrigation system is so important as it provides water for 90% of Pakistan’s food production.

99
Q

advantages and disadvantages of indus drainage basin

A

Advantages:
Improves water security making 40% more land available for cultivation
People’s diets have improved as a greater range of food products have become available
Irrigation has increased

Disadvantages:
High water levels leading to waterlogging
Some farmers take an unfair amount of water
Water is wasted
Population increases meaning there will be a higher demand to water in the future

Pakistan has benefited from IBIS as:

  • It has improved food security
  • It has supplied more water, providing water for 90% of food production in Pakistan
  • Irrigation has increased crop yields
100
Q

Makueni Food and Water Security Programme

A

The Makueni Food and Water Security Programme includes:
Improves access to clean, safe water
Having a rainwater tank on the school roof
Improving food security by providing enough water for crops to grow
A training programme to support local farmers
Growing trees to reduce soil erosion

How has the Makueni programme increased the community’s food security and benefited the community?
Crops yields have increased
Water-borne diseases have been decreased
Schools now have clean water
Less time wasted fetching water, more time for school

geog (4 decks)

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