resiration and ATP

Question 1

whats the equation for atp

Answer 1

ADP+Pi=ATP

Question 2

why do we make a lot of ATP

Answer 2

for various things e.g active transport metabolic processes movement etc. its unstable and only releases small amount of energy at a time

Question 3

why is ATP useful

Answer 3

releases energy in small suitable amounts
broken down in one step
makes energy rapidly available
makes substances more reactive by phosphorylating them lowering the activation energy
can be reformed and made again

Question 4

why do plants make ATP in respiration as well as photosynthesis

Answer 4

in the dark no ATP production in photosyn.
some tissues unable to photosyn and produce ATP
ATP can not be moved from cell to cell
plant uses more ATP than produced in photosyn
ATP for active transport
ATP for synthesis

Question 5

how are enzymes in respiration affected?

Answer 5

by temp

Question 6

describe oxidation and reduction

Answer 6

oxidation= lose electrons, lose H, gain O2
reduction= gain electrons, gain H, lose O2

Question 7

what are the stages of respiration

Answer 7

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
electron transport chain

Question 8

describe glycolysis

Answer 8

happens in cytoplasm of mitochondria 
Pi added to glucose to make phosphorylated glucose (6C)
Glucose split into 2 triose phosphate 
TP oxidised, gives H to NAD to make NADH
TP converted to pyruvate
which releases ATP

Question 9

what does the process of glycolysis make

Answer 9

ATP NADH pyruvate process requires ATP

Question 10

describe the link reaction

Answer 10

happens in the matrix of the mitochondria
pyruvate is oxidised gives H to NAD
pyruvate loses CO2 becomes 2 acetyl group
2C acetate joins with co enzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A

Question 11

describe the Krebs cycle

Answer 11

in matrix of the mitochondria
2C acetyl coenzyme A joins with 4C molecule
NAD and FAD reduced
substrate level phosphorylation

Question 12

describe the electron transport chain

Answer 12

on inner membrane of mitochondria
NADH and FADH release their H. this splits into protons and electrons
electrons move along carriers in the electron transport chain using redox reactions this releases energy
protein channels use this energy to actively transport H ions into intermembrane space. these then diffuse back down the conc gradient through ATP synthase into the matrix and release ATP

Question 13

describe oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 13

protons and electrons combine with O2 to make water. O2 acts as the terminal acceptor of electrons - prevents build up of electrons

Question 14

what does ETC and OP make

Answer 14

ATP water NAD FAD and requires ATP

Question 15

what does glycolysis make

Answer 15

ATP NADH and pyruvate

Question 16

what does link reaction make

Answer 16

NADH CO2 acetyl coenzyme A

Question 17

what does the krebs cycle make

Answer 17

ATP NADH FADH CO2 4C molecule

other respiratory substances include the break down products of lipids and amino acids which enter the krebs cycle

Question 18

describe anaerobic respiration

Answer 18

without o2. NAD is regenerated and pyruvate is removed from glycolysis

Question 19

describe anaerobic respiration in plants and micro organisms

Answer 19

pyruvate + reduced NAD = ethanol CO2 and NAD

Question 20

whats anaerobic resp in animals

Answer 20

pyruvate + NADH = lactate and NAD

Question 21

describe effects of anaerobic resp in animals

Answer 21

useful when O2 in short supply but lactate is painful and less ATP is made because pyruvate is needed to make same amount of ATP

Question 22

what is methylene blue used for

Answer 22

an artificial H acceptor in experiments e.g NAD. it becomes colourless when reduced

Question 23

what must scientists do to investigate other stages of resp (other than glycolysis)

Answer 23

use a substance other than glucose for the respiratory substance because glucose cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane as it is usually broken down in glycolysis so cant move from cytoplasm to matrix

Question 24

what are manometer tubes used for

Answer 24

measure rate if gas exchange. use o2 for resp and release CO2. CO2 is absorbed by something like potassium hydroxide. this lowers pressure level of liquid moves.

Question 25

how do you calculate rate of resp using manometer

Answer 25

need to know volume of the tube, the distance moved, time taken and mass of respiring organisms

Question 26

why do you leave the manometer for a while after it is set up

Answer 26

allow equilibrium to be reached
allow for expansion/pressure change in apparatus
allow resp rate of seeds to stabilise

Question 27

use of anaerobic resp in plants and microorganisms

Answer 27

yeast in anaerobic conditions ferments natural carbohydrates to produce ethanol for the brewing industry

Question 28

when and why anaerobic resp in animals

Answer 28

overcome temp shortage of O2
in times of oxygen debt - muscles use o2 faster than it can be supplied
fleeing from a predator
NADH cant be oxidised so builds up so pyruvate takes 2 H from NADH to produce lacate and NAD