Resin 1 Flashcards
Direct Dental Resin Composites
- Been used more and more in the clinic
- Majority of fillings we place today are ____
- Direct or indirect restorative material? _____
- First developed to replace material in ____ teeth
- Very esthetic
- They improved it and now it’s used in the posterior region as well.
- Commercial products can come with ___ or with ___
- Package is different
- ___ is cheaper
- ____ has better infection control
- Steps for use:
- ___ he tooth
- ___ the material in there
- Set material with a__
Direct Dental Resin Composites
Been used more and more in the clinic
Majority of fillings we place today are composite
Direct restorative material
First developed to replace material in anterior teeth
Very esthetic
They improved it and now it’s used in the posterior region as well.
Commercial products can come with syringe or with capsules
Package is different
Syringe is cheaper
Capsule has better infection control
Steps for use:
Prep the tooth
Apply the material in there
Set material with a light
Ideal Direct Restorative Materials
- Change phase from ___ to ____ at room temperature/body temperature within a reasonable ___
- Can’t leave patient with mouth open for a long time
- ____ acceptable
- _____ strong
- Chemically ____
- _____
- ____ the properties of tooth structure
- So they can fcn as a whole
- Amalgam meets everything but ____
Ideal Direct Restorative MaterialsChange phase from manipulable to solid at room temperature/body temperature within a reasonable time
Can’t leave patient with mouth open for a long time
Biologically acceptable
Mechanically strong
Chemically inert
Esthetic
Match the properties of tooth structure
So they can fcn as a whole
Amalgam meets everything but esthetic
Categories of Materials
- Metal
- Ceramic
- Polymer
- Composites
- Dental resin composites –
- Full Name: ____ ____ ___ ___ ____
- It has ___
- It has ___
- ____ are embedded in ___
- Dental resin composites –
Categories of Materials
Metal
Ceramic
Polymer
CompositesDental resin composites –
Full Name: Particle-reinforced resin-based composites
It has particles
It has resin
Particles are embedded in resin
Composition RIIIP
- ___ ___
- Resin based
- ___ ____
- Treated with a ___ ___ (_____)
- Used as ____ in the material
- Because material is esthetic the ___ ____ of filler has to match resin so we can have translucence or transparent
- ____ system
- Used to change the resin from ___ to ____in ___ T within a reasonable time
- ___r:
- Used to prevent ___ ___ of material
- ___
- There are different shades of the material
*
- There are different shades of the material
CompositionResin matrix
Resin bases
Inorganic fillers
Treated with a coupling agent (silane)
Used as reinforcement in the material
Because material is esthetic the reflection index of filler has to match resin so we can have translucence or transparent
Initiation system
Used to change the resin from manipulable to solid in room T within a reasonable time
Inhibitor:
Used to prevent premature curing of material
Pigments
There are different shades of the material
Resin Matrix
Resin Matrix
Chemistry
- Bis-GMA
- Defines resin composites
- First developed by ____
- AKA Ballwin resin
- This makes dental composites possible
- First one on the market was based on Bis-GMA
- ___ ___ makes it ___
- TEDGMA
- So big so its too ____
- Hard to ___ ___ ___ inside
- Methomethylacrylate (MMA)
- Used in dentistry as well
- They are all ____. Same family
Resin MatrixChemistryBis-GMA
Defines resin composites
First developed by Ballwin
AKA Ballwin resin
This makes dental composites possible
First one on the market was based on Bis-GMA
Phenyl ring makes it stronger
TEDGMA
So big so its too viscous
Hard to add any fillers inside
Methomethylacrylate (MMA)
Used in dentistry as well
They are all methacrylate. Same family
- Polymers
- Polymer is a molecule that is made of many (poly) ____ (mers).
- Parts can be the same or different but they all have the ___ ___ ____that they can connect together
- The molecules from which the polymer is constructed are called____ (one part).
- ___ is the monomer
- After it’s polymerized its called polymer
- ____ = ___ ____
- Three basic spatial structure formed by the polymerization
- ___
- Not as strong
- _____
- Becomes stronger
- ___ ___
- Strongest one
- We want the material in the mouth to bear the load
- Bis GMA has __ ___ ___ on the end
- ___
PolymersPolymer is a molecule that is made of many (poly) parts (mers).
Parts can be the same or different but they all have the same fcnal groups that they can connect together
The molecules from which the polymer is constructed are called monomers (one part).
MMA is the monomer
After it’s polymerized its called polymer
PMMA = poly MMA
Three basic spatial structure formed by the polymerizationLinear
Not as strong
Branched
Becomes stronger
Cross-linked
Strongest one
We want the material in the mouth to bear the load
Bis GMA has two double bonds on the end
Polymerization
Free-radical addition polymerization
- The polymerization reaction takes place in three stages: ____ ____ _____
- This is one mechanism for polymerization. Now manufacturers are developing different materials using different mechanisms
- This is the basic one and is currently used in ___ of products
PolymerizationFree-radical addition polymerization
The polymerization reaction takes place in three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
This is one mechanism for polymerization. Now manufacturers are developing different materials using different mechanisms
This is the basic one and is currently used in majority of products
- Setting reaction
- __ ___/____ cure: ___-___ system
- ___ components
- When the two components ___ together it will set
- Usually takes ___ to cure.
- ___cure: ___ paste
- Shine ___to it and it will cure
- Just one unit
- Without the light its not curing
- ____s
- ___ cure
- When you have both initiation systems.
- If you mix it or if you shine light to it, it will cure
- __ ___/____ cure: ___-___ system
These two systems have different initiation systems
Setting reactionSelf cure/chemical cure: paste-paste system
2 components
When the two components mix together it will set
Usually takes longer to cure.
Light cure: single paste
Shine light to it and it will cure
Just one unit
Without the light its not curing
5-10s
Dual cure
When you have both initiation systems.
If you mix it or if you shine light to it, it will cure
Steps
- Initiation
- Double bond will ___
- ___ ____will form
- Free radicals under the light will generate___ ___ ___
- Free radicals will work with ____ ____ inside the resin and the ___ __ ___
- Propagation
- Chain grows
- Termination
- Either two chains ___ ___ or its ___
StepsInitiation
Double bond will open
Free radicals will form
Free radicals under the light will generate more free radicals
Free radicals will work with BisGMA monomers inside the resin and the chain will grow
Propagation
Chain grows
Termination
Either two chains connect together or its terminated
Composition -
Initiation Systems KNOW THESE NAMES
- Chemically activated (self cured)
- Initiator:
- Activator:
- Visible light activated
- Initiator:
- Activator:
Composition - Initiation Systems KNOW THESE NAMESChemically activated (self cured)
Initiator: Benzoyl peroxide
Activator: n,n-dihydroxyl-p-toluidine
Visible light activated
Initiator: alpha-di keton and amine
Activator: light
Polymerization Shrinkage:
- When we polymerize the resin.
- The MMA is very____
- When the double bond opens its creates this polymerized polymers
- We know that when the small molecules are separate to each other the volume is___
- When they are chemically connected to each other, the volume becomes ___.
- When polymerization happens, there is a ___ associated with this system
- For dentures it is a problem but it is not very ____ because its used in our soft tissue and the ____ is much bigger than our teeth
- Teeth don’t change too much
- That’s why we use BisGMA.
- It is a big molecule
- The % of the ___ ___in that molecule is ___so when that material cures, the % shrinkage that happens will be ____
- It creates the long molecule to reduce the % of the double bond
- The volume of the double bond in that molecule.
- MMA % shrinkage:___
- BisGMA by itself % shrinkage:____
- This is still a lot to be used as a restorative material
- Note: every time we use a ___ based composite, if its based on ___ ___ ____ the polymerization shrinkage is there
- Clinical implication:
- If we can’t create a secure bond with this material to our tooth structure, we shouldn’t use that material
- Clinical implication:
Polymerization Shrinkage:
When we polymerize the resin.
The MMA is very small
When the double bond opens its creates this polymerized polymers
We know that when the small molecules are separate to each other the volume is big
When they are chemically connected to each other, the volume becomes smaller
When polymerization happens, there is a shrinkage associated with this system
For dentures it is a problem but it is not very severe because its used in our soft tissue and the tolerance is much bigger than our teeth
Teeth don’t change too much
That’s why we use BisGMA.
It is a big molecule
The % of the fcnal group in that molecule is smaller so when that material cures, the % shrinkage that happens will be smaller
It creates the long molecule to reduce the % of the double bond
The volume of the double bond in that molecule.
MMA % shrinkage: 20%
BisGMA by itself % shrinkage: 6%
This is still a lot to be used as a restorative material
Note: every time we use a resin based composite, if its based on free radical reaction the polymerization shrinkage is thereClinical implication:
If we can’t create a secure bond with this material to our tooth structure, we shouldn’t use that material
Elastic Modulus
- Metal has ___ modulus.
- Similar to ___
- Similar to our ___ structure
- Polymer has much ____ elastic modulus than our tooth structure
- With composites we add ___ in there to try to improve the elastic modulus of the composite.
- When you bear a load, the restoration will deform more than tooth structure.
- Ways to Improve Elastic Modulus
- Use ____ resin matrix material
- That’s why ___ ___ is there in the material
- Increase inorganic ___ ___
- Elastic Modulus (GPa)
- Enamel: 84
- Dentin: 17
- Bis-GMA: 4
- Just the resin base
- Inorganic Filler: 60
- Mirohybrid Composite: 17-21
- After we combine them together
- Still ___ ___ than enamel. It’s similar to ___
- Its good to replace dentin but is inferior to enamel
- Our margins are just ename
- Use ____ resin matrix material
- Ways to Improve Elastic Modulus
Elastic ModulusMetal has high modulus.
Similar to ceramic
Similar to our tooth structure
Polymer has much lower elastic modulus than our tooth structure
With composites we add fillers in there to try to improve the elastic modulus of the composite.
When you bear a load, the restoration will deform more than tooth structure.
Ways to Improve Elastic ModulusUse stiffer resin matrix material
That’s why phenyl ring is there in the material
Increase inorganic filler loading
Elastic Modulus (GPa)
Enamel: 84
Dentin: 17
Bis-GMA: 4
Just the resin base
Inorganic Filler: 60
Mirohybrid Composite: 17-21
After we combine them together
Still much less than enamel. It’s similar to dentin.
Its good to replace dentin but is inferior to enamel
Our margins are just ename
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
- Metals and ceramics are around ___
- Polymers are around ___
- They will shrink or expand much____ than tooth structure
- Ways to Decrease CTE
- Increase i___ ___ ___
- CTE: (´10-6/°C)
- Enamel: 11.4
- Dentin: 8.3
- Bis-GMA: 80
- Much ___ than our tooth structure
- Inorganic Filler: 8-10
- Microhybrid Composite: 30-40
- After adding fillers
- Its still ___ than tooth structure so this material will shrink or expand a little more than tooth structure when the T changes
- Creates __ in the interface
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Metals and ceramics are around 10
Polymers are around 100.
They will shrink or expand much more than tooth structure
Ways to Decrease CTE
Increase inorganic filler loading
CTE: (´10-6/°C)
Enamel: 11.4
Dentin: 8.3
Bis-GMA: 80
Much higher than our tooth structure
Inorganic Filler: 8-10
Microhybrid Composite: 30-40
After adding fillers
Its still more than tooth structure so this material will shrink or expand a little more than tooth structure when the T changes
Creates stress in the interface
Composition - Fillers
- We add as much fillers as we can into composites to compensate for polymerization shrinkage
- If there is less resin, there will be ___ polymerization shrinkage
- In order to cooperate more they add the ___, even though the dilute is not as strong as BisGMA
- You need it because we need to ___ ___ to the composites
- Materials: ___ (first generation), ___ ___, ___ ___, ___a, ___ ___ ___, etc.
- Resin system hasn’t changed too much over the years.
- Currently on the market, the main resin is still BisGMA
- Main mechanism to cure is free radical addition polymerization
- The main improvement in this material is because of the__ ___
- Dental composites are classified by the type of the fillers used.
- ___ and ___ ___
- ___
- ___
- First generation of material was quartz
- ___
- Radio___
- Later on we add ___ ___ in there to give the material radioopacity
- We use different ___ particles in order to add more fillers in the system
Composition - Fillers
We add as much fillers as we can into composites to compensate for polymerization shrinkage
If there is less resin, there will be less polymerization shrinkage
In order to cooperate more they add the dilute, even though the dilute is not as strong as BisGMA
You need it because we need to add filler to the composites
Materials: quartz (first generation), barium glass, strontium glass, silica, pre-polymerized resin, etc.
Resin system hasn’t changed too much over the years.
Currently on the market, the main resin is still BisGMA
Main mechanism to cure is free radical addition polymerization
The main improvement in this material is because of the filler change
Dental composites are classified by the type of the fillers used.
Size and particle size distribution
Shape
Composition
First generation of material was quartz
SiO2
Radiolucent
Later on we add heavy metals in there to give the material radioopacity
We use different size particles in order to add more fillers in the system
Fillers
- Can inorganic fillers be added directly into resin matrix?
- ____
- Inorganic fillers are _____
- Resin Matrix are ____
- If we add directly there will be___ ____and there will be ___ ____ bw the fillers and resin system.
- This can create____ at the interface.
- To add inorganic fillers into resin matrix we need the surface to be ___.
- ____ is very important
FillersCan inorganic fillers be added directly into resin matrix?
No.
Inorganic fillers are hydrophilic
Resin Matrix are hydrophobic
If we add directly there will be air bubbles and there will be no connection bw the fillers and resin system.
This can create stress at the interface.
To add inorganic fillers into resin matrix we need the surface to be treated. à Silane is very important
Composition – Silane: the coupling agent
- g-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy (_____)
- It will change the surface property of inorganic fillers from ___ to ___
- This way this material can be added directly to resin and can create a bond with resin system
- Silane is also used in other areas in dentistry.
- ____ will connect with the fillers
- Hydro____
- ___ ____with double bond can react with the resin
Composition – Silane: the coupling agent
g-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy (g-MPTS)
It will change the surface property of inorganic fillers from hydrophilic to hydrophobic
This way this material can be added directly to resin and can create a bond with resin system
Silane is also used in other areas in dentistry.
SiOCH3 will connect with the fillers
Hydrophilic
Fcnal group with double bond can react with the resin
Classification – filler particles
Classification – filler particles
Conventional dental resin composites
Microfilled
Microhybrid
Nanocomposites
Conventional Composites
- ___ generation
- We just had it they just added ____ in there to strengthen the material
- The fillers are very___
- ___ microns
- Radio___
- There is __ ____ ___
- Can still be seen in clinic
- To differentiate that “hole” in xray with decay
- Decay shows hole in patients mouth and xray
- Prep you did is pretty___
- Decay is ___ Just goes to the weakest area.
Conventional Composites
First generation
We just had it they just added Quartz in there to strengthen the material
The fillers are very big
20-50 microns
Radiolucent
There is no heavy metal
Can still be seen in clinic
To differentiate that “hole” in xray with decay
Decay shows hole in patients mouth and xray
Prep you did is pretty regular
Decay is irregular. Just goes to the weakest area.
Microfilled Composites
- ____ Generation
- Fillers – _____ μm silica
- Filler loading ____ vol.%
- Concept of “___ ____”
- Radio____
- Size of filler becomes much____
- They try to ____ the surface
- Problem when filler is very small
- _______
- You basically___ ___ ___ ____into the resin if you don’t do anything
- It will need too much resin to let them?
- You can’t have higher filler loading. You have very____.That’s where organic filler concept comes in.
- If you just add those original small fillers in there, you __ __ ___ ____
- So what manufacturer did is they use the___. Then they ___ ____ to make the resin very ___. Then they add the ________ (we call them ____ fillers) fillers in there. The fillers ___ __ ___.
- Those fillers ____ in those resin
- Those organic fillers have some ____ in them and also have some ____ in there!
- Then they ____ it to different ___ and use those as ____ fillers together with ____ fillers and put it in the microfilled composities
- By grinding you keep the _____ of the surface
- Even though they did that the volume is only _____%!
- __ __ ___ fillers in there
Microfilled Composites
Second Generation
Fillers – 0.03-0.05 μm silica
Filler loading 30-50 vol.%
Concept of “organic fillers”
Radiolucent too
Size of filler becomes much smaller.
They try to smooth the surface
Problem when filler is very small
SA is very big!
You basically can’t add more fillers into the resin if you don’t do anything
It will need too much resin to let them?
You can’t have higher filler loading. You have very little. That’s where organic filler concept comes in.
If you just add those original small fillers in there, you can’t add too much
So what manufacturer did is they use the resin. Then they add solvent to make the resin very thin. Then they add the small small (we call them primary fillers) fillers in there. The fillers evaporate the solvent
Those fillers stayed in those resin
Those organic fillers have some fillers in them and also have some resin in there!
Then they grind it to different size and use those as secondary fillers together with primary fillers and put it in the microfilled composities
By grinding you keep the smoothness of the surface
Even though they did that the volume is only 30-50%!
Not very much fillers in there
- Advantages
- Highly ___
- ___ glossy finish
- Very ____
- Used in anterior region.
- Because filler loading is low, the mechanical properties is low.
- Disadvantages
- ____ coefficient of thermal expansion
- Because it has ____ resin system
- Lower___ and ___ resistance
- Because it has ___ ____in there
- No radi____ except _____ (yttrium)
- Heliomolar has metal elements in there so it has radiopacity
- Fractured microfilled composite
- After developing this, the manufacturer realized that there are some problems
- This is another problem with microfilled composities
- When it fractures, the __ ____ ___ can come off
- Resin is still___
- ____ coefficient of thermal expansion
Advantages
Highly polishable
Maintains glossy finish
Very esthetic
Used in anterior region.
Because filler loading is low, the mechanical properties is low.
DisadvantagesHigher coefficient of thermal expansion
Because it has higher resin system
Lower fracture and wear resistance
Because it has less fillers in there
No radiopacity except Heliomolar (yttrium)
Heliomolar has metal elements in there so it has radiopacity
Fractured microfilled composite
After developing this, the manufacturer realized that there are some problems
This is another problem with microfilled composities
When it fractures, the whole organic fillers can come off
Resin is still weak
- Microhybrid Composites
- Most popular material on the market at this time. Nanocomposites too!
- Fillers – ____
-
____ μm
- One of the fillers is very small.
- They hope that it can fill in the space bw the larger particles
- Smaller ones can fit in bw the larger ones
-
Filler loading ____ vol.%
- Much ___ than microfilled composites
- Different fillers influence the polishing property of the material
- When the particle size is small, when you polish, you can achieve a ____ surface.
Microhybrid Composites
Most popular material on the market at this time. Nanocomposites too!
Fillers – 0.04 μm
0.4 – 1.0 μmOne of the fillers is very small.
They hope that it can fill in the space bw the larger particles
Smaller ones can fit in bw the larger ones
Filler loading 59 -70 vol.%
Much more than microfilled composites
Different fillers influence the polishing property of the material
When the particle size is small, when you polish, you can achieve a smoother surface.
- Advantages
-
High ___ and easy to ____, ___ finish
- Better than conventional composites
- ____ coefficient of thermal expansion
- Among all the groups
- Wear resistance is ____
- Radio____
-
High ___ and easy to ____, ___ finish
- Disadvantages
- ___ of glossy finish
-
Require ____ placement
- Because of the light penetration
- Filler size is about 1 micron
- Overtime, after you use it, you can __ the ___
- After you polish the first surface is ___ rich so it’s really smooth.
- As you wear the ___start to get exposed
- This will make the surface ___
- This is universal. __ ____
- Can use anterior and posterior.
- But for esthetics wer recoomend microfilled
AdvantagesHigh strength and easy to polish, glossy finish
Better than conventional composites
Lower coefficient of thermal expansion
Among all the groups
Wear resistance is higher
Radiopacity
Disadvantages
Durability of glossy finish
Require incremental placement
Because of the light penetration
Filler size is about 1 micron
Overtime, after you use it, you can lose the polish
After you polish the first surface is resin rich so it’s really smooth.
As you wear the fillers start to get exposed
This will make the surface rough
This is universal. All purpose.
Can use anterior and posterior.
But for esthetics wer recoomend microfilled
- Nano-compositesFiltek Supreme (3M ESPE)
- Fillers- ____ μm
- ___μm
- Filler loading ___vol.%
- Higher than microfilled
- % filler loading:
- we are interested in by volume
- This means how much ___ is in there.
- Higher filler loading, ___ resin and___ ____ material will have
- When we worn down the material it seems like the __ ___ comes off. They were thinking that those are the primary fillers.
- If we can ____ bond them together so the whole thing use like a primary filler in the composite.
- So we can incorporate a ___ of those fillers in
- Instead of the small ones
- If we use these as a whole, we can put ____ of fillers in the composites
- And its loosely bonded so while you worn off, you worn off the ____ instead of the whole particles.
- Primary fillers: ___
- Secondary fillers: ____
- They are made by primary fillers?
Nano-compositesFiltek Supreme (3M ESPE)
Fillers- 0.02-0.075 μm
0.6-1.4 μm
Filler loading 60 vol.%
Higher than microfilled
% filler loading:
we are interested in by volume
This means how much resin is in there.
Higher filler loading, less resin and less shrinkage material will have
When we worn down the material it seems like the whole particle comes off. They were thinking that those are the primary fillers.
If we can loosely bond them together so the whole thing use like a primary filler in the composite.
So we can incorporate a lot of those fillers in
Instead of the small ones
If we use these as a whole, we can put a lot of fillers in the composites
And its loosely bonded so while you worn off, you worn off the individual instead of the whole particles.
Primary fillers: Nanoparticles
Secondary fillers: Nanocluster
They are made by primary fillers?
- Advantages
- The polish retention is similar to traditional ____ composites
- When it wears off its not the ___ ____
- It’s the i___ ____
- They are so small
- Smaller than the wavelength of the composite that it ___ ___
- Mechanical properties and wear resistance are comparable to ____composites
- Microhybrid is still a little better?
- Radio___
- This is true of all the materials on the market right now.
- Disadvantages
- ___ ____/____
- But there are new products coming out
- Disadvantages
AdvantagesThe polish retention is similar to traditional microfilled composites
When it wears off its not the whole filler
It’s the individual particlesThey are so small
Smaller than the wavelength of the composite that it doesn’t show
Mechanical properties and wear resistance are comparable to microhybrid composites
Microhybrid is still a little better?
Radiopaque
This is true of all the materials on the market right now.
DisadvantagesStain resistance/discoloration
But there are new products coming out
