Resin 1

Question 1

Direct Dental Resin Composites

• Been used more and more in the clinic
• Majority of fillings we place today are ____
• Direct or indirect restorative material? _____
• First developed to replace material in ____ teeth
  
  • Very esthetic
  • They improved it and now it’s used in the posterior region as well.
• Commercial products can come with ___ or with ___
  
  • Package is different
  • ___ is cheaper
  • ____ has better infection control
• Steps for use:
  
  • ___ he tooth
  • ___ the material in there
  • Set material with a__

Answer 1

Direct Dental Resin Composites

Been used more and more in the clinic

Majority of fillings we place today are composite

Direct restorative material

First developed to replace material in anterior teeth

Very esthetic

They improved it and now it’s used in the posterior region as well.

Commercial products can come with syringe or with capsules

Package is different

Syringe is cheaper

Capsule has better infection control

Steps for use:

Prep the tooth

Apply the material in there

Set material with a light

Question 2

Ideal Direct Restorative Materials

• Change phase from ___ to ____ at room temperature/body temperature within a reasonable ___
  
  • Can’t leave patient with mouth open for a long time
• ____ acceptable
• _____ strong
• Chemically ____
• _____
• ____ the properties of tooth structure
  
  • So they can fcn as a whole
• Amalgam meets everything but ____

Answer 2

Ideal Direct Restorative MaterialsChange phase from manipulable to solid at room temperature/body temperature within a reasonable time

Can’t leave patient with mouth open for a long time

Biologically acceptable

Mechanically strong

Chemically inert

Esthetic

Match the properties of tooth structure

So they can fcn as a whole

Amalgam meets everything but esthetic

Question 3

Categories of Materials

• Metal
• Ceramic
• Polymer
• Composites
  
  • Dental resin composites –
    
    • Full Name: ____ ____ ___ ___ ____
    • It has ___
    • It has ___
    • ____ are embedded in ___

Answer 3

Categories of Materials

Metal

Ceramic

Polymer

CompositesDental resin composites –

Full Name: Particle-reinforced resin-based composites

It has particles

It has resin

Particles are embedded in resin

Question 4

Composition RIIIP

• ___ ___
  
  • Resin based
• ___ ____
  
  • Treated with a ___ ___ (_____)
  • Used as ____ in the material
  • Because material is esthetic the ___ ____ of filler has to match resin so we can have translucence or transparent
• ____ system
  
  • Used to change the resin from ___ to ____in ___ T within a reasonable time
• ___r:
  
  • Used to prevent ___ ___ of material
• ___
  
  • There are different shades of the material
    *

Answer 4

CompositionResin matrix

Resin bases

Inorganic fillers

Treated with a coupling agent (silane)

Used as reinforcement in the material

Because material is esthetic the reflection index of filler has to match resin so we can have translucence or transparent

Initiation system

Used to change the resin from manipulable to solid in room T within a reasonable time

Inhibitor:

Used to prevent premature curing of material

Pigments

There are different shades of the material

Resin Matrix

Question 5

Resin Matrix

Chemistry

• Bis-GMA
  
  • Defines resin composites
  • First developed by ____
  • AKA Ballwin resin
  • This makes dental composites possible
  • First one on the market was based on Bis-GMA
  • ___ ___ makes it ___
• TEDGMA
  
  • So big so its too ____
  • Hard to ___ ___ ___ inside
• Methomethylacrylate (MMA)
  
  • Used in dentistry as well
• They are all ____. Same family

Answer 5

Resin MatrixChemistryBis-GMA

Defines resin composites

First developed by Ballwin

AKA Ballwin resin

This makes dental composites possible

First one on the market was based on Bis-GMA

Phenyl ring makes it stronger

TEDGMA

So big so its too viscous

Hard to add any fillers inside

Methomethylacrylate (MMA)

Used in dentistry as well

They are all methacrylate. Same family

Question 6

• Polymers
• Polymer is a molecule that is made of many (poly) ____ (mers).
  
  • Parts can be the same or different but they all have the ___ ___ ____that they can connect together
• The molecules from which the polymer is constructed are called____ (one part).
  
  • ___ is the monomer
  • After it’s polymerized its called polymer
    
    • ____ = ___ ____
• Three basic spatial structure formed by the polymerization
  
  • ___
    
    • Not as strong
  • _____
    
    • Becomes stronger
  • ___ ___
    
    • Strongest one
    • We want the material in the mouth to bear the load
    • Bis GMA has __ ___ ___ on the end

Answer 6

PolymersPolymer is a molecule that is made of many (poly) parts (mers).

Parts can be the same or different but they all have the same fcnal groups that they can connect together

The molecules from which the polymer is constructed are called monomers (one part).

MMA is the monomer

After it’s polymerized its called polymer

PMMA = poly MMA

Three basic spatial structure formed by the polymerizationLinear

Not as strong

Branched

Becomes stronger

Cross-linked

Strongest one

We want the material in the mouth to bear the load

Bis GMA has two double bonds on the end

Question 7

Polymerization

Free-radical addition polymerization

• The polymerization reaction takes place in three stages: ____ ____ _____
• This is one mechanism for polymerization. Now manufacturers are developing different materials using different mechanisms
• This is the basic one and is currently used in ___ of products

Answer 7

PolymerizationFree-radical addition polymerization

The polymerization reaction takes place in three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.

This is one mechanism for polymerization. Now manufacturers are developing different materials using different mechanisms

This is the basic one and is currently used in majority of products

Question 8

• Setting reaction
  
  • __ ___/____ cure: ___-___ system
    
    • ___ components
    • When the two components ___ together it will set
    • Usually takes ___ to cure.
  • ___cure: ___ paste
    
    • Shine ___to it and it will cure
    • Just one unit
    • Without the light its not curing
    • ____s
  • ___ cure
    
    • When you have both initiation systems.
    • If you mix it or if you shine light to it, it will cure

Answer 8

These two systems have different initiation systems

Setting reactionSelf cure/chemical cure: paste-paste system

2 components

When the two components mix together it will set

Usually takes longer to cure.

Light cure: single paste

Shine light to it and it will cure

Just one unit

Without the light its not curing

5-10s

Dual cure

When you have both initiation systems.

If you mix it or if you shine light to it, it will cure

Question 9

Steps

• Initiation
  
  • Double bond will ___
  • ___ ____will form
  • Free radicals under the light will generate___ ___ ___
  • Free radicals will work with ____ ____ inside the resin and the ___ __ ___
• Propagation
  
  • Chain grows
• Termination
  
  • Either two chains ___ ___ or its ___

Answer 9

StepsInitiation

Double bond will open

Free radicals will form

Free radicals under the light will generate more free radicals

Free radicals will work with BisGMA monomers inside the resin and the chain will grow

Propagation

Chain grows

Termination

Either two chains connect together or its terminated

Question 10

Composition -

Initiation Systems KNOW THESE NAMES

• Chemically activated (self cured)
  
  • Initiator:
  • Activator:
• Visible light activated
  
  • Initiator:
  • Activator:

Answer 10

Composition - Initiation Systems KNOW THESE NAMESChemically activated (self cured)

Initiator: Benzoyl peroxide

Activator: n,n-dihydroxyl-p-toluidine

Visible light activated

Initiator: alpha-di keton and amine

Activator: light

Question 11

Polymerization Shrinkage:

• When we polymerize the resin.
• The MMA is very____
• When the double bond opens its creates this polymerized polymers
• We know that when the small molecules are separate to each other the volume is___
  
  • When they are chemically connected to each other, the volume becomes ___.
• When polymerization happens, there is a ___ associated with this system
• For dentures it is a problem but it is not very ____ because its used in our soft tissue and the ____ is much bigger than our teeth
  
  • Teeth don’t change too much
• That’s why we use BisGMA.
  
  • It is a big molecule
  • The % of the ___ ___in that molecule is ___so when that material cures, the % shrinkage that happens will be ____
  • It creates the long molecule to reduce the % of the double bond
    
    • The volume of the double bond in that molecule.
• MMA % shrinkage:___
• BisGMA by itself % shrinkage:____
  
  • This is still a lot to be used as a restorative material
• Note: every time we use a ___ based composite, if its based on ___ ___ ____ the polymerization shrinkage is there
  
  • Clinical implication:
    
    • If we can’t create a secure bond with this material to our tooth structure, we shouldn’t use that material

Answer 11

Polymerization Shrinkage:

When we polymerize the resin.

The MMA is very small

When the double bond opens its creates this polymerized polymers

We know that when the small molecules are separate to each other the volume is big

When they are chemically connected to each other, the volume becomes smaller

When polymerization happens, there is a shrinkage associated with this system

For dentures it is a problem but it is not very severe because its used in our soft tissue and the tolerance is much bigger than our teeth

Teeth don’t change too much

That’s why we use BisGMA.

It is a big molecule

The % of the fcnal group in that molecule is smaller so when that material cures, the % shrinkage that happens will be smaller

It creates the long molecule to reduce the % of the double bond

The volume of the double bond in that molecule.

MMA % shrinkage: 20%

BisGMA by itself % shrinkage: 6%

This is still a lot to be used as a restorative material

Note: every time we use a resin based composite, if its based on free radical reaction the polymerization shrinkage is thereClinical implication:

If we can’t create a secure bond with this material to our tooth structure, we shouldn’t use that material

Question 12

Elastic Modulus

• Metal has ___ modulus.
  
  • Similar to ___
  • Similar to our ___ structure
• Polymer has much ____ elastic modulus than our tooth structure
• With composites we add ___ in there to try to improve the elastic modulus of the composite.
• When you bear a load, the restoration will deform more than tooth structure.
  
  • Ways to Improve Elastic Modulus
    
    • Use ____ resin matrix material
      
      • That’s why ___ ___ is there in the material
    • Increase inorganic ___ ___
    • Elastic Modulus (GPa)
      
      • Enamel: 84
      • Dentin: 17
      • Bis-GMA: 4
        
        • Just the resin base
      • Inorganic Filler: 60
      • Mirohybrid Composite: 17-21
      • After we combine them together
      • Still ___ ___ than enamel. It’s similar to ___
        
        • Its good to replace dentin but is inferior to enamel
        • Our margins are just ename

Answer 12

Elastic ModulusMetal has high modulus.

Similar to ceramic

Similar to our tooth structure

Polymer has much lower elastic modulus than our tooth structure

With composites we add fillers in there to try to improve the elastic modulus of the composite.

When you bear a load, the restoration will deform more than tooth structure.

Ways to Improve Elastic ModulusUse stiffer resin matrix material

That’s why phenyl ring is there in the material

Increase inorganic filler loading

Elastic Modulus (GPa)

Enamel: 84

Dentin: 17

Bis-GMA: 4

Just the resin base

Inorganic Filler: 60

Mirohybrid Composite: 17-21

After we combine them together

Still much less than enamel. It’s similar to dentin.

Its good to replace dentin but is inferior to enamel

Our margins are just ename

Question 13

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

• Metals and ceramics are around ___
• Polymers are around ___
  
  • They will shrink or expand much____ than tooth structure
• Ways to Decrease CTE
  
  • Increase i___ ___ ___
  • CTE: (´10-6/°C)
    
    • Enamel: 11.4
    • Dentin: 8.3
    • Bis-GMA: 80
      
      • Much ___ than our tooth structure
    • Inorganic Filler: 8-10
    • Microhybrid Composite: 30-40
  • After adding fillers
    
    • Its still ___ than tooth structure so this material will shrink or expand a little more than tooth structure when the T changes
    • Creates __ in the interface

Answer 13

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Metals and ceramics are around 10

Polymers are around 100.

They will shrink or expand much more than tooth structure

Ways to Decrease CTE

Increase inorganic filler loading

CTE: (´10-6/°C)

Enamel: 11.4

Dentin: 8.3

Bis-GMA: 80

Much higher than our tooth structure

Inorganic Filler: 8-10

Microhybrid Composite: 30-40

After adding fillers

Its still more than tooth structure so this material will shrink or expand a little more than tooth structure when the T changes

Creates stress in the interface

Question 14

Composition - Fillers

• We add as much fillers as we can into composites to compensate for polymerization shrinkage
• If there is less resin, there will be ___ polymerization shrinkage
• In order to cooperate more they add the ___, even though the dilute is not as strong as BisGMA
  
  • You need it because we need to ___ ___ to the composites
• Materials: ___ (first generation), ___ ___, ___ ___, ___a, ___ ___ ___, etc.
• Resin system hasn’t changed too much over the years.
  
  • Currently on the market, the main resin is still BisGMA
  • Main mechanism to cure is free radical addition polymerization
  • The main improvement in this material is because of the__ ___
• Dental composites are classified by the type of the fillers used.
  
  • ___ and ___ ___
  • ___
  • ___
• First generation of material was quartz
  
  • ___
  • Radio___
• Later on we add ___ ___ in there to give the material radioopacity
• We use different ___ particles in order to add more fillers in the system

Answer 14

Composition - Fillers

We add as much fillers as we can into composites to compensate for polymerization shrinkage

If there is less resin, there will be less polymerization shrinkage

In order to cooperate more they add the dilute, even though the dilute is not as strong as BisGMA

You need it because we need to add filler to the composites

Materials: quartz (first generation), barium glass, strontium glass, silica, pre-polymerized resin, etc.

Resin system hasn’t changed too much over the years.

Currently on the market, the main resin is still BisGMA

Main mechanism to cure is free radical addition polymerization

The main improvement in this material is because of the filler change

Dental composites are classified by the type of the fillers used.

Size and particle size distribution

Shape

Composition

First generation of material was quartz

SiO2

Radiolucent

Later on we add heavy metals in there to give the material radioopacity

We use different size particles in order to add more fillers in the system

Question 15

Fillers

• Can inorganic fillers be added directly into resin matrix?
• ____
• Inorganic fillers are _____
• Resin Matrix are ____
• If we add directly there will be___ ____and there will be ___ ____ bw the fillers and resin system.
• This can create____ at the interface.
• To add inorganic fillers into resin matrix we need the surface to be ___.
  
  • ____ is very important

Answer 15

FillersCan inorganic fillers be added directly into resin matrix?

No.

Inorganic fillers are hydrophilic

Resin Matrix are hydrophobic

If we add directly there will be air bubbles and there will be no connection bw the fillers and resin system.

This can create stress at the interface.

To add inorganic fillers into resin matrix we need the surface to be treated. à Silane is very important

Question 16

Composition – Silane: the coupling agent

• g-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy (_____)
• It will change the surface property of inorganic fillers from ___ to ___
• This way this material can be added directly to resin and can create a bond with resin system
• Silane is also used in other areas in dentistry.
• ____ will connect with the fillers
  
  • Hydro____
• ___ ____with double bond can react with the resin

Answer 16

Composition – Silane: the coupling agent

g-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy (g-MPTS)

It will change the surface property of inorganic fillers from hydrophilic to hydrophobic

This way this material can be added directly to resin and can create a bond with resin system

Silane is also used in other areas in dentistry.

SiOCH3 will connect with the fillers

Hydrophilic

Fcnal group with double bond can react with the resin

Question 17

Classification – filler particles

Answer 17

Classification – filler particles

Conventional dental resin composites

Microfilled

Microhybrid

Nanocomposites

Question 18

Conventional Composites

• ___ generation
• We just had it they just added ____ in there to strengthen the material
• The fillers are very___
  
  • ___ microns
• Radio___
  
  • There is __ ____ ___
• Can still be seen in clinic
• To differentiate that “hole” in xray with decay
  
  • Decay shows hole in patients mouth and xray
  • Prep you did is pretty___
  • Decay is ___ Just goes to the weakest area.

Answer 18

Conventional Composites

First generation

We just had it they just added Quartz in there to strengthen the material

The fillers are very big

20-50 microns

Radiolucent

There is no heavy metal

Can still be seen in clinic

To differentiate that “hole” in xray with decay

Decay shows hole in patients mouth and xray

Prep you did is pretty regular

Decay is irregular. Just goes to the weakest area.

Question 19

Microfilled Composites

• ____ Generation
• Fillers – _____ μm silica
• Filler loading ____ vol.%
• Concept of “___ ____”
• Radio____
• Size of filler becomes much____
  
  • They try to ____ the surface
  • Problem when filler is very small
    
    • _______
  • You basically___ ___ ___ ____into the resin if you don’t do anything
    
    • It will need too much resin to let them?
  • You can’t have higher filler loading. You have very____.That’s where organic filler concept comes in.
• If you just add those original small fillers in there, you __ __ ___ ____
  
  • So what manufacturer did is they use the___. Then they ___ ____ to make the resin very ___. Then they add the ________ (we call them ____ fillers) fillers in there. The fillers ___ __ ___.
  • Those fillers ____ in those resin
  • Those organic fillers have some ____ in them and also have some ____ in there!
  • Then they ____ it to different ___ and use those as ____ fillers together with ____ fillers and put it in the microfilled composities
  • By grinding you keep the _____ of the surface
  • Even though they did that the volume is only _____%!
    
    • __ __ ___ fillers in there

Answer 19

Microfilled Composites

Second Generation

Fillers – 0.03-0.05 μm silica

Filler loading 30-50 vol.%

Concept of “organic fillers”

Radiolucent too

Size of filler becomes much smaller.

They try to smooth the surface

Problem when filler is very small

SA is very big!

You basically can’t add more fillers into the resin if you don’t do anything

It will need too much resin to let them?

You can’t have higher filler loading. You have very little. That’s where organic filler concept comes in.

If you just add those original small fillers in there, you can’t add too much

So what manufacturer did is they use the resin. Then they add solvent to make the resin very thin. Then they add the small small (we call them primary fillers) fillers in there. The fillers evaporate the solvent

Those fillers stayed in those resin

Those organic fillers have some fillers in them and also have some resin in there!

Then they grind it to different size and use those as secondary fillers together with primary fillers and put it in the microfilled composities

By grinding you keep the smoothness of the surface

Even though they did that the volume is only 30-50%!

Not very much fillers in there

Question 20

• Advantages
  
  • Highly ___
  • ___ glossy finish
  • Very ____
    
    • Used in anterior region.
    • Because filler loading is low, the mechanical properties is low.
• Disadvantages
  
  • ____ coefficient of thermal expansion
    
    • Because it has ____ resin system
  • Lower___ and ___ resistance
    
    • Because it has ___ ____in there
  • No radi____ except _____ (yttrium)
    
    • Heliomolar has metal elements in there so it has radiopacity
  • Fractured microfilled composite
    
    • After developing this, the manufacturer realized that there are some problems
    • This is another problem with microfilled composities
    • When it fractures, the __ ____ ___ can come off
    • Resin is still___

Answer 20

Advantages

Highly polishable

Maintains glossy finish

Very esthetic

Used in anterior region.

Because filler loading is low, the mechanical properties is low.

DisadvantagesHigher coefficient of thermal expansion

Because it has higher resin system

Lower fracture and wear resistance

Because it has less fillers in there

No radiopacity except Heliomolar (yttrium)

Heliomolar has metal elements in there so it has radiopacity

Fractured microfilled composite

After developing this, the manufacturer realized that there are some problems

This is another problem with microfilled composities

When it fractures, the whole organic fillers can come off

Resin is still weak

Question 21

• Microhybrid Composites
• Most popular material on the market at this time. Nanocomposites too!
• Fillers – ____
• ____ μm
  
  • One of the fillers is very small.
  • They hope that it can fill in the space bw the larger particles
  • Smaller ones can fit in bw the larger ones
• Filler loading ____ vol.%
  
  • Much ___ than microfilled composites
• Different fillers influence the polishing property of the material
• When the particle size is small, when you polish, you can achieve a ____ surface.

Answer 21

Microhybrid Composites

Most popular material on the market at this time. Nanocomposites too!

Fillers – 0.04 μm
0.4 – 1.0 μmOne of the fillers is very small.

They hope that it can fill in the space bw the larger particles

Smaller ones can fit in bw the larger ones

Filler loading 59 -70 vol.%

Much more than microfilled composites

Different fillers influence the polishing property of the material

When the particle size is small, when you polish, you can achieve a smoother surface.

Question 22

• Advantages
  
  • High ___ and easy to ____, ___ finish
    
    • Better than conventional composites
  • ____ coefficient of thermal expansion
    
    • Among all the groups
  • Wear resistance is ____
  • Radio____
• Disadvantages
  
  • ___ of glossy finish
  • Require ____ placement
    
    • Because of the light penetration
  • Filler size is about 1 micron
    
    • Overtime, after you use it, you can __ the ___
    • After you polish the first surface is ___ rich so it’s really smooth.
    • As you wear the ___start to get exposed
    • This will make the surface ___
  • This is universal. __ ____
  • Can use anterior and posterior.
  • But for esthetics wer recoomend microfilled

Answer 22

AdvantagesHigh strength and easy to polish, glossy finish

Better than conventional composites

Lower coefficient of thermal expansion

Among all the groups

Wear resistance is higher

Radiopacity

Disadvantages

Durability of glossy finish

Require incremental placement

Because of the light penetration

Filler size is about 1 micron

Overtime, after you use it, you can lose the polish

After you polish the first surface is resin rich so it’s really smooth.

As you wear the fillers start to get exposed

This will make the surface rough

This is universal. All purpose.

Can use anterior and posterior.

But for esthetics wer recoomend microfilled

Question 23

• Nano-compositesFiltek Supreme (3M ESPE)
• Fillers- ____ μm
• ___μm
• Filler loading ___vol.%
  
  • Higher than microfilled
• % filler loading:
  
  • we are interested in by volume
  • This means how much ___ is in there.
  • Higher filler loading, ___ resin and___ ____ material will have
• When we worn down the material it seems like the __ ___ comes off. They were thinking that those are the primary fillers.
• If we can ____ bond them together so the whole thing use like a primary filler in the composite.
• So we can incorporate a ___ of those fillers in
• Instead of the small ones
• If we use these as a whole, we can put ____ of fillers in the composites
• And its loosely bonded so while you worn off, you worn off the ____ instead of the whole particles.
• Primary fillers: ___
• Secondary fillers: ____
  
  • They are made by primary fillers?

Answer 23

Nano-compositesFiltek Supreme (3M ESPE)

Fillers- 0.02-0.075 μm
0.6-1.4 μm

Filler loading 60 vol.%

Higher than microfilled

% filler loading:

we are interested in by volume

This means how much resin is in there.

Higher filler loading, less resin and less shrinkage material will have

When we worn down the material it seems like the whole particle comes off. They were thinking that those are the primary fillers.

If we can loosely bond them together so the whole thing use like a primary filler in the composite.

So we can incorporate a lot of those fillers in

Instead of the small ones

If we use these as a whole, we can put a lot of fillers in the composites

And its loosely bonded so while you worn off, you worn off the individual instead of the whole particles.

Primary fillers: Nanoparticles

Secondary fillers: Nanocluster

They are made by primary fillers?

Question 24

• Advantages
  
  • The polish retention is similar to traditional ____ composites
• When it wears off its not the ___ ____
  
  • It’s the i___ ____
  • They are so small
  • Smaller than the wavelength of the composite that it ___ ___
• Mechanical properties and wear resistance are comparable to ____composites
• Microhybrid is still a little better?
• Radio___
• This is true of all the materials on the market right now.
• • Disadvantages
    
    • ___ ____/____
    • But there are new products coming out

Answer 24

AdvantagesThe polish retention is similar to traditional microfilled composites

When it wears off its not the whole filler

It’s the individual particlesThey are so small

Smaller than the wavelength of the composite that it doesn’t show

Mechanical properties and wear resistance are comparable to microhybrid composites

Microhybrid is still a little better?

Radiopaque

This is true of all the materials on the market right now.

DisadvantagesStain resistance/discoloration

But there are new products coming out