Dental Cements Flashcards
§Dental cements are a classification of dental materials that are continually used in dentistry. The American Dental Association and the International Standards Organization (ISO) have teamed up to classify dental cements according to their properties and their intended uses in dentistry.
§Dental cements are a classification of dental materials that are continually used in dentistry. The American Dental Association and the International Standards Organization (ISO) have teamed up to classify dental cements according to their properties and their intended uses in dentistry.
Classification of Cements
§Type I:_____ agents that include ___ and ___ cements.
§Type II:____pplications.
§Type III: ___ or ___ applications.
§Type I: Luting agents that include permanent and temporary cements.
§Type II: Restorative applications.
§Type III: Liner or base applications.
Luting Agent
§A material that acts as an ____ to hold together the casting to the tooth structure. Luting agents are designed to be either ___ or ___
§A material that acts as an adhesive to hold together the casting to the tooth structure. Luting agents are designed to be either permanent or temporary.
Permanent Cement
§For the __ __ cementation of cast restorations such as inlays, crowns, bridges, laminate veneers, and orthodontic fixed appliances.
§For the long‑term cementation of cast restorations such as inlays, crowns, bridges, laminate veneers, and orthodontic fixed appliances.
Temporary Cement
§Temporary cements are used when the restoration will have to be ____
Most commonly, temporary cement is selected for the placement of ___ ___.
Today we will mostly be doing ceramic restorations
2Types of temporary cements
1 has eugenol
1 has no eunenol:
All __ ___ that require adhesive dentistry, use non eugenol cement
_____:Can Use eugenol cement
§Temporary cements are used when the restoration will have to be removed. Most commonly, temporary cement is selected for the placement of provisional coverage.
Today we will mostly be doing ceramic restorations
2Types of temporary cements
1 has eugenol
1 has no eunenol:
All ceramic restorations that require adhesive dentistry, use non eugenol cement
PFM:Can Use eugenol cement
Variables Affecting Cements
§____ time
•Make sure to follow the manufacture’s directions for the mixing time, working time, and delivery time.
§____
•If the clinical area is warm or humid, premature exposure of the cement to these environments can create a ____ of water from the ___ or an ___ of moisture to the powder.
§Mixing time
•Make sure to follow the manufacture’s directions for the mixing time, working time, and delivery time.
§Humidity
•If the clinical area is warm or humid, premature exposure of the cement to these environments can create a loss of water from the liquid or an addition of moisture to the powder.
Variables Affecting Cements−cont’d
§___ to __ ___
•Incorporating too much or too little powder will alter the consistency.
§___
•Some types of cements put off an ___ reaction.
§Powder to liquid ratio
•Incorporating too much or too little powder will alter the consistency.
§Temperature
•Some types of cements put off an exothermic reaction.
Mixing Dental Cements
§Before mixing, read and carefully follow the manufacturer’s directions for the brand being mixed.
§Determine the use and then measure the powder and liquid according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
§Place the powder toward __ __ of the glass slab or paper pad and the liquid toward the ___ end (the space between allows room for ___).
§Before mixing, read and carefully follow the manufacturer’s directions for the brand being mixed.
§Determine the use and then measure the powder and liquid according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
§Place the powder toward one end of the glass slab or paper pad and the liquid toward the opposite end (the space between allows room for mixing).
Mixing Dental Cements−cont’d
§Divide the powder into___
§When increment sizes vary, the ____ increments are used first.
§Incorporate each ___increment into the liquid and then ___ thoroughly.
Some cements are based on powder and liquid
Sometimes you have to deliver crowns that are powder and liquid
They are cheaper then cements that are already in capsules
Mixing Dental Cements−cont’d
§Divide the powder into increments.
§When increment sizes vary, the smaller increments are used first.
§Incorporate each powder increment into the liquid and then mix thoroughly.
Some cements are based on powder and liquid
Sometimes you have to deliver crowns that are powder and liquid
They are cheaper then cements that are already in capsules
Types of Cements
§__ __ ___
§__ __
§____
§_____
§__ ___ ___
§___ and ___ ___
§Zinc-oxide eugenol
§Zinc phosphate
§Polycarboxylate
§Glass ionomer
§Hybrid Ionomer Cement
§Composites and Adhesive resin
Zinc Oxide Eugenol
§Have been used extensively since ___
___ effect on exposed ___
§Multiple application in Dentistry:
____ Restorations
___t tissue ___ in Oral Surgery and Periodontics
___ ____ ___
§Do not use ZOE when bonding of a __ ___ is anticipated.
Used for non resin cemented restorations
Used ___an___ crowns
Do not use for __ ___permanent restorations
Zinc Oxide Eugenol
§Have been used extensively since 1890’s.
§Sedative effect on exposed dentin.
§Multiple application in Dentistry:
- Provisional Restorations
- Soft tissue packs in Oral Surgery and Periodontics
- Root canal Sealers
§Do not use ZOE when bonding of a permanent restoration is anticipated.
Used for non resin cemented restorations
Used PFM and gold crowns
Do not use for all ceramic permanent restorations
§Chemical Makeup
- Liquid: ___ with __ __ as a ___
- Powder: ___ ___, white ___, zinc ___, and zinc ___
Fynal: Type 2 class 1 cement
Also used for permanent cementation
Probably wont use this
§Chemical Makeup
- Liquid: Eugenol with olive oil as a plasticizer.
- Powder: Zinc oxide, white rosin, zinc stearate, and zinc acetate.
Fynal: Type 2 class 1 cement
Also used for permanent cementation
Probably wont use this
Types of Zinc-Oxide Eugenol Cements
§Type I
•Lacks ___ and___ term durability and is used for ___ cementation of provisional coverage (___ ZOE’S).
§Type II
•Has ___ agents added and is used for th ____ t cementation of cast restorations or appliances (___ ZOE’S, compositional changes___r, or ___is added to the powder and ____) to the liquid).
§Type I
•Lacks strength and long‑term durability and is used for temporary cementation of provisional coverage (Unmodified ZOE’S).
§Type II
•Has reinforcing agents added and is used for the permanent cementation of cast restorations or appliances (Modified ZOE’S, compositional changes polymer, or Alumina is added to the powder and ethoxybenzoic acid (EBA) to the liquid).
Dispensing of Zinc-Oxide Eugenol
§Liquid/Powder
- Mixed on an ___‑resistant___ pad.
- Mixing time ranges from ___ to ___seconds.
- Setting time in the mouth ranges from __ to ___minutes.
- The more powder incorporated, the ____ the cement.
§Paste
- Supplied as a ___‑paste system as ____ cement.
- Pastes are dispensed in ___ lengths on a paper pad and mixed.
§Liquid/Powder
- Mixed on an oil‑resistant paper pad.
- Mixing time ranges from 30 to 60 seconds.
- Setting time in the mouth ranges from 3 to 5 minutes.
- The more powder incorporated, the stronger the cement.
§Paste
- Supplied as a two‑paste system as temporary cement.
- Pastes are dispensed in equal lengths on a paper pad and mixed.
Zinc Phosphate
§Chemical Makeup
- Liquid:____ acid, ___ phosphate, and ___
- Powder: Zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, bismuth trioxide and silica.
Probably wont use this either
Used mostly for perm restorations; for gold, base metal crowns, and for cast post and cores
Zinc Phosphate
§Chemical Makeup
- Liquid: Phosphoric acid, aluminum phosphate, and water.
- Powder: Zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, bismuth trioxide and silica.
Probably wont use this either
Used mostly for perm restorations; for gold, base metal crowns, and for cast post and cores
Types of Zinc Phosphate
§Type I (___ grain)
•Used for the ____ cementation of cast restorations such as __ __ ___ and ___s. This material creates the very __ ___ layer that is necessary for accurate___ of ____.
§Type II (___ grain)
•Recommended for use as an ___ ___ for ___ __ ___
§Type I (fine grain)
•Used for the permanent cementation of cast restorations such as crowns, inlays, onlays, and bridges. This material creates the very thin film layer that is necessary for accurate seating of castings.
§Type II (medium grain)
•Recommended for use as an insulating base for deep cavity preparations.
Dispensing of Zinc Phosphate
§Powder/liquid
- Powder is divided into ____ that vary in size.
- It is critical that th ____be added to the___ in very ___ increments.
- Cement must be ___slowly over a ___ area of a __, __ , ___ glass slab to dissipate the ___.
- ****Temperature of cool dry slab of ___ ℃, moisture ____ ___ ___ point ___ the mix.*****
§Powder/liquid
- Powder is divided into increments that vary in size.
- It is critical that the powder be added to the liquid in very small increments.
- Cement must be spatulated slowly over a wide area of a cool, dry, thick glass slab to dissipate the heat.
- ****Temperature of cool dry slab of 18-24 ℃, moisture condensation below dew point contaminates the mix.*****
Dispensing of Zinc Phosphate
§Powder/liquid on Frozen Slab method
- Glass slab is ___ in a refrigerator at ___℃ or a freezer at ___ ℃.
- Amount of powder incorporated is ___% ___
Frozen Slab will increase the ___ of the cement
Cooler slab…___ time it will give you to actually use cement in patients mouth
Dispensing of Zinc Phosphate
§Powder/liquid on Frozen Slab method
- Glass slab is cooled in a refrigerator at 6℃ or a freezer at -10 ℃.
- Amount of powder incorporated is 50-75% more.
Frozen Slab will increase the time of the cement
Cooler slab…more time it will give you to actually use cement in patients mouth
Consistensy and Film Thickness
§Three arbitrary consistencies:
___ ___- Film thickness of 25µm, cement will__ __p from the slab on the spatula 2-3 cm as the spatula is lifted.
___ ___ -___ like consistency
__ ___ consistency- slightly____r consistency than ___ seating.
Read manufacturers instructions to know how to get the consistency you want.
Consistensy and Film Thickness
§Three arbitrary consistencies:
- Inlay seating - Film thickness of 25µm, cement will string up from the slab on the spatula 2-3 cm as the spatula is lifted.
- Cement base - puttylike consistency
- Band-seating consistency- slightly heavier consistency than inlay seating.
Read manufacturers instructions to know how to get the consistency you want.
Mixing and setting Time of Zinc Phosphate
§Mixing Time: ____ sec
§Setting Time:
- Inlay-setting consistency, setting time is between ____ min.
- Frozen slab method:___ working time (4-11 minutes) and ___ setting time (20-40% ___) of mix after placement into the mouth.
***Increase rate of powder incorporation ____ setting time.***
If you want to get something quicker, add more powder and cement will set faster for your restoration
Mixing and setting Time of Zinc Phosphate
§Mixing Time: 60-90 sec
§Setting Time:
- Inlay-setting consistency, setting time is between 2.5-8 min.
- Frozen slab method: Increase working time (4-11 minutes) and shorter setting time (20-40% less) of mix after placement into the mouth.
***Increase rate of powder incorporation shorten setting time.***
If you want to get something quicker, add more powder and cement will set faster for your restoration
Acidity of Zinc Phosphate
§pH of ___ within 3 min. after mixing has started, at the end of 1 hour increases to about _ and is nearly neutral at 48 hours.
§When a thin layer of dentin exists, may excite a ___ response, when pulp already under stress, causing irreversible__ ___.
§Exercise precaution in __ ___: Calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide suspension, ___ or calcium hydroxide bases, and, more recently, dentin bonding agents.
This is contraindicative for those restorations that have deep cavities or a big decay on a crown/tooth.
Acidity of Zinc Phosphate
§pH of 4.2 within 3 min. after mixing has started, at the end of 1 hour increases to about 6 and is nearly neutral at 48 hours.
§When a thin layer of dentin exists, may excite a pulpal response, when pulp already under stress, causing irreversible pulp death.
§Exercise precaution in deep cavities: Calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide suspension, ZOE or calcium hydroxide bases, and, more recently, dentin bonding agents.
This is contraindicative for those restorations that have deep cavities or a big decay on a crown/tooth.
Polycarboxylate Cements
§Chemical Makeup
- Liquid: Sodium hydroxide(adjust pH), itaconic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, and water
- Powder: Polyacrylic acid, Zinc oxide and magnesium oxide
§Chemical Makeup
- Liquid: Sodium hydroxide(adjust pH), itaconic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, and water
- Powder: Polyacrylic acid, Zinc oxide and magnesium oxide
Use of Polycarboxylate
§Used as a ____ cement for cast restorations, stainless steel crowns, and orthodontic bands.
§Used as a ___ base under both ___ or ___ restorations.
§Used as an___ restoration.
Can be used as permanent or temporary cement
Preparations that are not as retentive, this is good for a temporary cement
Use of Polycarboxylate
§Used as a permanent cement for cast restorations, stainless steel crowns, and orthodontic bands.
§Used as a nonirritating base under both composite or amalgam restorations.
§Used as an intermediate restoration.
Can be used as permanent or temporary cement
Preparations that are not as retentive, this is good for a temporary cement
Supply of Polycarboxylate
§Powder/liquid
- Liquid may be measured by using either the plastic __ __ or the calibrated ____e‑type liquid dispenser.
- Liquid has a___ shelf life because it ___s as its water ___.
- Mixed on a ___ paper pad.
Supply of Polycarboxylate
§Powder/liquid
- Liquid may be measured by using either the plastic squeeze bottle or the calibrated syringe‑type liquid dispenser.
- Liquid has a limited shelf life because it thickens as its water evaporates.
- Mixed on a nonabsorbent paper pad.
Manipulation of Polycarboxylate
§Mix for 30-60 sec.
§Mix___ to all of the powder at once to provide the maximum working time- ____min.
)___ working time by mixing on a glass slab ___ 4℃
§Mix for 30-60 sec.
§Mix half to all of the powder at once to provide the maximum working time- 2.5 to 6 min.
§Extend working time by mixing on a glass slab chilled to 4℃
Acidity of Polycarboxylate
§Slightly ____ acidic than zinc phosphate when ___ mixed, but the acid is only ___dissociated.
§Penetration of the high molecular weight polymer molecules toward pulpal tissue is ____
§Histological reactions- production of more ____ dentin.
Wont cause that much pulpal response
Good for any kind of temporary restorations
Acidity of Polycarboxylate
§Slightly more acidic than zinc phosphate when first mixed, but the acid is only weakly dissociated.
§Penetration of the high molecular weight polymer molecules toward pulpal tissue is minimal.
§Histological reactions- production of more reparative dentin.
Wont cause that much pulpal response
Good for any kind of temporary restorations
Glass Ionomer
§Chemical Makeup
- Liquid: Itaconic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, and water.
- Powder: Zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, and calcium.
§Chemical Makeup
- Liquid: Itaconic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, and water.
- Powder: Zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, and calcium.
Types of Glass Ionomer
§Type I
•For th____ of ___ ___s and ___ ___ ___ ___.
§Type II
•Designed for restoring areas of erosion near the ____
§Type III
•Used as ___ and__ ___ __
§Type I
•For the cementation of metal restorations and direct‑bonded orthodontic brackets.
§Type II
•Designed for restoring areas of erosion near the gingiva.
§Type III
•Used as liners and dentin bonding agents.
Benefits of Glass Ionomer
§Powder is an acid‑soluble calcium. The slow release of ____ from this powder aids in inhibiting recurrent decay.
§Causes ___ trauma or shock to the pulp than many other types of cements.
___ solubility in the mouth.
§Adheres to a _______t tooth surface.
§Has a very __ ___ __s, which is excellent for __ ___
§Powder is an acid‑soluble calcium. The slow release of fluoride from this powder aids in inhibiting recurrent decay.
§Causes less trauma or shock to the pulp than many other types of cements.
§Low solubility in the mouth.
§Adheres to a slightly moist tooth surface.
§Has a very thin film thickness, which is excellent for seating ease.
Supply of Glass Ionomer
§Powder/liquid
- Mixed ____ on a paper pad or a cool, dry glass slab.
- Glass slab ___ the working time of the cement.
§Premeasured capsules
___ and expressed through a ___
§Powder/liquid
- Mixed manually on a paper pad or a cool, dry glass slab.
- Glass slab increases the working time of the cement.
§Premeasured capsules
•Triturated and expressed through a dispenser.
Applications of Hybrid Ionomer Cement
- Self-cured (Type __ and ___): Cementation of __ ___, metal ___, ____and ____ appliances.
- Additional uses:____ for amalgams, bases, ____ restorations, and cementation of specific ____ restorations ( e.g. Lava, procera).
- Light-cured (Type __): Are used primarily for ___ and ___ and/or bonding of ____brackets and bands.
Applications of Hybrid Ionomer Cement
- Self-cured (Type I/II): Cementation of PFM crowns, metal inlays, onlays, and orthodontic appliances.
- Additional uses: liners for amalgams, bases, provisional restorations, and cementation of specific ceramic restorations ( e.g. Lava, procera).
- Light-cured (Type III): Are used primarily for liners and bases, and/or bonding of orthodontic brackets and bands.
COMPOMERS
Composites and Adhesive resins
§Chemical Makeup
- Physical properties are comparable to those of ___ ___
- ___film thickness.
- ___ in the mouth.
Has replaced a lot of the cements he has talked about
A lot of patients want all ceramic restorations
Still know the other cements bc some patients can’t afford this and some people need removable prosthesis (best to use RPD)
COMPOMERS
Composites and Adhesive resins
§Chemical Makeup
- Physical properties are comparable to those of composite resins.
- Low film thickness.
- Insoluble in the mouth.
Has replaced a lot of the cements he has talked about
A lot of patients want all ceramic restorations
Still know the other cements bc some patients can’t afford this and some people need removable prosthesis (best to use RPD)
Adhesive Dentistry
Based on a composite resin cement, a hybrid layer and a resin tag formation that is going to help us ____ bw the dentin and cement and that’s what is actually holding the crown in place
Based on a composite resin cement, a hybrid layer and a resin tag formation that is going to help us ____ bw the dentin and cement and that’s what is actually holding the crown in place
Esthetic Resin Cements Indications
___ ___ crowns
Porcelain___
Indirect resin or ceramic___ and ___
___/___ restorations
Some of the resin cements are going to be stronger
Another thing that happens with all ceramic restorations and when you are using esthetic resin cements,
If you have a short crown, the resin cement can help make that crown stay
Zirconia crowns can be recemented with GI cement
M2 are very short so if you doing zirconia crown, you should use adhesive cement bc it will actually have better retention for the zirconia restoration
Some of the resin cements are going to be stronger
Another thing that happens with all ceramic restorations and when you are using esthetic resin cements,
If you have a short crown, the resin cement can help make that crown stay
Zirconia crowns can be recemented with GI cement
M2 are very short so if you doing zirconia crown, you should use adhesive cement bc it will actually have better retention for the zirconia restoration
Porcelain Veneers
Have to use ___ cements
Can’t use any other kind of cement
With resin cements you also have___ and ___ cure
Dual: has ___and ___, cures by___, ___ shade options
With resin cements you also have dual and light cure
Dual: has base and catalyst, cures by itself, less shade options
Transmittance of Light Through Porcelain
When we use light curing cement we need to know what type of light to use
___ light is best (___nm)
When we use light curing cement we need to know what type of light to use
LED light is best (460-480nm)
Transmittance of Light Through Porcelain
Bw porcelain thickness and opacity, which matters most
3 different thicknesses
They also had different opacity formulations that they added into the porcelain
Opacity has __ __
__ of ___ t from thickness of the porcelain
Thinnerà more light transmittance you will have and that way your cement will cure better
If you doing Veneers on maxillary teeth and you know you want 0.5 mm thickness for that light trasmittance to go thru
Prepless veneers
Some of teeth may be a little bit lingual. Bring veneer so that it matches the centrals completely
Thickness of porcelain may be high
Transmittance of Light Through Porcelain
Bw porcelain thickness and opacity, which matters most
3 different thicknesses
They also had different opacity formulations that they added into the porcelain
Opacity has no effect
More of effect from thickness of the porcelain
Thinnerà more light transmittance you will have and that way your cement will cure better
If you doing Veneers on maxillary teeth and you know you want 0.5 mm thickness for that light trasmittance to go thru
Prepless veneers
Some of teeth may be a little bit lingual. Bring veneer so that it matches the centrals completely
Thickness of porcelain may be high
__ __ __
Laboratory__ ___
Another type of cement to use for adhesive dentistry
Some patients cant afford crowns so they get inlay, onlay or processed composite
All-Ceramic Crowns
Laboratory-Processed Composite
Another type of cement to use for adhesive dentistry
Some patients cant afford crowns so they get inlay, onlay or processed composite
Esthetic Resin Cements – Composition and Properties
___ ___or urethane dimethacrylate resin
___ or small particle hybrid
___ or glass filler (20 - 75% by weight)
Compressive Strength: ____MPa
Viscosity: ________
Esthetic Resin Cements – Composition and Properties
Bis-GMA or urethane dimethacrylate resin
Microfilled or small particle hybrid
Silica or glass filler (20 - 75% by weight)
Compressive Strength: 180 - 265 MPa
Viscosity: wide range from low to high
Important Clinical Properties
Radi____
____ and ___(viscosity)
Film ___
Strength and ___ resistance
___ working time
___ time
___, ___ pastes
Radiopacity
Consistency and handling (viscosity)
Film thickness
Strength and wear resistance
Extraoral working time
Setting time
Shades, try-in pastes
Dual-Cure Only Products
Advantages
n___r to use
nUsually ___ expensive
nCan be sure of __ __
Disadvantages
___ shade selection
___ teeth only
nBond strength ___ than light cured counterparts
Dual-Cure Only Products
Advantages
nEasier to use
nUsually less expensive
nCan be sure of complete cure
Disadvantages
Less shade selection
Posterior teeth only
nBond strength lower than light cured counterparts
Self-Adhesive Resin Cements
New class of resin cements
No __ ___ necessary; __ ___t, ___e tolerant
___ applications eliminates the need for many different cements
nPFM and metal restorations
nCeramic crowns, bridges, inlays and onlays
nStrengthened core ceramic systems (Lava, Procera)
nLaboratory-processed ceramics
These have controlled a lot of what we need for clinical properties.
Don’t need a variety of products in our practice now
Self-Adhesive Resin Cements
New class of resin cements
No dental adhesives necessary; self-adherent, moisture tolerant
Universal applications eliminates the need for many different cements
nPFM and metal restorations
nCeramic crowns, bridges, inlays and onlays
nStrengthened core ceramic systems (Lava, Procera)
nLaboratory-processed ceramics
These have controlled a lot of what we need for clinical properties.
Don’t need a variety of products in our practice now
Adhesive Resin Cements
___-cured
Different types of adhesive____
Bonds to ___, ___, ___ and ___ __ __, ___
Self-cured
Different types of adhesive monomers
Bonds to enamel, dentin, base and noble metal alloys, ceramic
Indications
___-and-___ Restorations
Resin-Bonded ___
Metal ___ PFM Crowns, ___
Primer for bonding acrylic resin to ___ frameworks
Passive cementation of fixed prosthesis to ___
Post-and-Core Restorations
Resin-Bonded Bridges
Metal Crowns, PFM Crowns, FPD
Primer for bonding acrylic resin to RPD frameworks
Passive cementation of fixed prosthesis to implant
Cementation of Posts
Before 1980, ___ ___ had little to do with post retention
1980’s - ____ retention to ___ of resin provided better bond to dentin
___ cements improve bond to ___ materials
Before 1980, cement type had little to do with post retention
1980’s - micromechanical retention to dentin of resin provided better bond to dentin
Adhesive cements improve bond to post materials
Cementation of Posts, con’d.
___ tooth/post structure with ___ cements bonded to dentin
VERSUS
___ ___ of post upon failure of endodontic treatment
?
This is still a question.
The only reason you use a post and core is only to get a core build up
Post will ___ __ the tooth structure
Post will actually weaken the tooth structure
Strengthening tooth/post structure with adhesive cements bonded to dentin
VERSUS
Easy retrieval of post upon failure of endodontic treatment
?
This is still a question.
The only reason you use a post and core is only to get a core build up
Post will not strengthen the tooth structure
Post will actually weaken the tooth structure
In Conclusion:
Adhesive dentistry has invaded all aspects ofthe practice of dentistry, including cementation, and is rapidly becoming the standard of care.
Cementation is becoming much more of a
true “____ ” process than ever before.
Teeth now can possibly be ____ by
the interaction of __ ___s with tooth
structure and restorative materials.
Adhesive dentistry has invaded all aspects of
the practice of dentistry, including cementation, and is rapidly becoming the standard of care.
Cementation is becoming much more of a
true “adhesive” process than ever before.
Teeth now can possibly be strengthened by
the interaction of adhesive cements with tooth
structure and restorative materials.
Cement Removal
§Operator preparedness and knowledge
- Instruments selected for the procedure: ___ ,__ ___ ,___ ___r.
- Use of a ___
- Use of ___ __ in and around the embrasure areas (___).
§Operator preparedness and knowledge
- Instruments selected for the procedure: Explorer, mouth mirror, spoon excavator.
- Use of a fulcrum.
- Use of dental floss in and around the embrasure areas (knotted).
