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Principle of Infectious Disease > Reservoir + Microbial > Flashcards

Reservoir + Microbial Flashcards

1
Q

What is the train of transmission

A

Infectious agent; reservoir; portal of exit; mode of transmission; portal of entry; susceptible host

Bacteria - animal - mouth - contact - cut in the skin - anyone (child, babies)

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2
Q

Exposure and Transmission

A

Exposure; introduction of a new pathogen into a susceptible population

Between reservoir population that can go vice versa to the susceptible population

Transmission: Adoption, establishment, and dissemination in the susceptible population. Requires a pathogen that can adapt to, and transmit between the host

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3
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Habitat or pop. in which infectious agents normally lives, grows and multiples

Maintain pathogens over time

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4
Q

What does reservoir not mean…

A

Ill, not all sick animals are reservoirs (can be sick but may not be able to pass the disease)

If asymptomatic; then we consider it a carrier

An individual can be killed by the agent, but the population maintains the agent

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5
Q

Examples of reservoirs

A

FelV - cats = reservoirs
Measles Humans = reservoirs
Lepto - Rodents = reseervoirs

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6
Q

Portal of exit

A

The method the pathogen uses to leave the body of the host

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7
Q

Mode of transmission

A

Vertical and Horizontal

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8
Q

Vertical transmission

A

Infection at fecundation and transplacental, transovarial or perinatal

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9
Q

Infection at fecundation and transplacental

A

Infection at fecundation: virus can attach to spermatozoa or oocyte

Transplacental infection: in utero, through the placenta

Transmission of the egg: Transmission of the pathogen during the egg development

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10
Q

transovarial

A

Passage of pathogen from the adult female to eggs through the ovaries of an arthropod

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11
Q

Perinatal

A

At parturition, through the colostrum/milk

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12
Q

Horizontal Transmission

A

Indirect Vs Direct

Indirect: Any sort of intermediary either animate or inanimate (Distance, intermediary; longer period of time) (

Direct: reservoir directly to a susceptible host Limited space; Without intermediary; short time period)

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13
Q

Direct contact

A

Contact: skin, mucous membrane, brutal

Droplet, airborne
Wet, large, and short-range aerosols, like sneezing, coughing or talking

Considered to be a form of direct
transmission because disease agents do not generally survive for extended periods within aerosolized particles.

Waterbone (through gills)

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14
Q

Indirect: Vehicle

A

Common vehicle: Water, food, soil

Fomites - objects that can be contaminated and transmit disease on a limited scale - knife

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15
Q

Indirect: vectors

A

Vector: Arthropods who carry and transmit pathogens

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16
Q

Mechanical vector (indirect)

A

an animal that carries a pathogen from one host to another without being infected itself

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17
Q

Biological vector(indirect)

A

the pathogen undergoes changes or multiplies while in the vector

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18
Q

Portal of entry

A

The method the pathogen uses to enter the body of the susceptible person or animal

Most of the pathogens cannot go through the intact skin * Animals are well protected (See microanatomy)

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19
Q

What is the most efficient portal of entry

A

Eyes

20
Q

Susceptible host

A

Member of a population who is at risk of becoming infected by a disease

21
Q

What is a building block of genetic material

A

Nucleotide is a 3 group compounded composed of

  • nitrogenous bases
    -carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
  • up two three phosphate groups
22
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine
consist of two joined carbon rings with 5 and 6 members
(Elements in the nitrogenous base are labeled 1-9)

23
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

Have a six carbon ring
(Elements in the nitrogenous base are labeled 1-6)

24
Q

Nucleoside

A

2 elements

25
Q

Nucleotides

A

3 elements

26
Q

Structure of nucleic acids

A
  • The sugar is connected to the nitrogenous base via position 1’
  • The nitrogenous base is linked to
    position 1’ of the sugar by a glycosidic
    bond from N1 of pyrimidine and N9 of purine
27
Q

A matched to

A

T with 2 H bonds

28
Q

G matches to

A

C in 3 H bonds

29
Q

What way is a sequence read?

A

5’ to 3”

30
Q

DNA characteristics

A

Double Stranded
Deoxyribose
Thymidynic acid\
A-T pairing
Nuclear location
Stable

31
Q

RNA

A

Single-stranded
Ribose
Uridynic acid
A-U pairing
Cytoplasmic location
Labile

32
Q

Transcription in Bacteria

A

Transcription begins
Ribosomes begin translation
Degradation begins at 5’ end
RNA polymerase terminates at 3’ end
Degradation continues, ribosomes complete translation

33
Q

Transcription in animals

A

Transcripition starts’ 5’end is modified
3’ end of mRNA is released by cleavage
3’ end is polyadenylated
mRNA is transported to cytoplasm
Ribsomes translate mRNA

34
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Single RNA polymerase
no introns
Polycistronic
No Polyadenylation
No 5’ c

35
Q

Eukaryotic

A

RNA polymerase
I, II, III
Introns removed
Monocistronic
Polyadenylation at 3’ end
Methylated cap at 5’ end

36
Q

Mutations

A

Changes the sequence of DNA (any base pair can be mutated)

37
Q

Spontaneous mutation

A

Naturally occurring alterations in the DNA due to slippage in natural processes
Background ~10-5-10-6 locus/generation bacteria

38
Q

Induced Mutation

A

Mutagens
occur due to physical or chemical agents → modifying a particular base or being incorporated into nucleic acid

39
Q

Silent Mutation

A

Silent mutations are mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism’s phenotype

40
Q

Missence mutation

A

Change in codon → change in AA → change in protein function

41
Q

Non-sense mutation

A

coding codon –> termination (stop) codon
resulting in premature termination

42
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Inserting or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

43
Q

Transformation

A

Acquisition of new genetic markers by incorporation of added DNA

44
Q

Conjunction

A

“mating” between two bacterial involving transfer genetic material

45
Q

Transduction

A

transfer of bacterial gene from one to another by a phage

46
Q

Transposition

A

movement of a transposon to a new site in the genome

Principle of Infectious Disease (5 decks)

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