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Principle of Infectious Disease > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Immune System

A

Collection of cells, tissue, and molecules that mediate resistance to foreign elements (antigens)

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2
Q

Immune Response

A

Coordinated reaction of these cells and molecules to antigens

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3
Q

Immunology

A

Study of the immune system, including its responses to microbial pathogens and damaged tissues and its role in disease

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4
Q

Antigen

A

Antibody generator (generate an immune response)

Molecule that induce an immune response when introduced into the body

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5
Q

Epitope or antigenic determinant

A

Part of an antigen that is actually responsible for inducing the immune response and binding to the products of the immune response (lymphocyte receptors and antibodies)

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6
Q

When should immune responses be generated

A

when components of the immune system come into contact with non-self elements

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7
Q

What is the result of autoimmunity?

A

if the system does not discriminate foreign elements from components of its own organism

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8
Q

What are the two type of immune system defence?

A

Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity

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9
Q

What are the key features of innate immunity?

A

Physical barriers
Inflammation
Complement

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10
Q

What are the adaptive immunity key features?

A

Humoral Immunity
Cellular Immunity

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11
Q

What is the activation status of innate immunity

A

Always active

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12
Q

What is the activation status of Adaptive immunity?

A

Only when in contact with antigens

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13
Q

What are the main cells of innate immunity?

A

Macrophages, Neutrophils, NK cells

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14
Q

What is the response time for Innate immunity

A

Fast (minutes to hours)

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15
Q

What is the main cells of Adaptive immunity

A

T cells and B cells

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16
Q

What is the response time for adaptive immunity?

A

Slow (days to week)

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17
Q

what is innate immunity specificity

A

structure common to several pathogen

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18
Q

What is the memory of innate immunity?

A

Absent

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19
Q

What is the adaptive immunity specificity

A

Specific to epitope, typically unique to a pathogen

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20
Q

What is the memory of adaptive immunity?

21
Q

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

A

Components that are shared between different types pathogens and present a molecular composition that differs from “self”

  • pathogen is the trigger
22
Q

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns or DAMPs

A

Released when cells die* (intracellular DAMPs) or generated when connective tissue is damaged (extracellular DAMPs)

  • damage is the trigger
23
Q

What are PRP (Pattern Recognition Receptors)

A

Receptors of innate immunity that recognize PAMPs & DAMPs

Soluble or membrane-bound

Signalling or phagocytic

24
Q

What is this?

A

Neutrophil

25
Describe the Neutrophils
Appearance: Segmented nucleus, granular cytoplasm Location in health: Blood Life span in health: 48-72 hours (relatively short life) Primary function: Antimicrobial effectors, particularly in acute bacterial infection Mechanism of action: Phagocytosis; Degranulation; Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
26
What is this?
Eosinophils
27
Describe Eosinophils
Appearance: Characteristic eosinophilic granules Location in health: Blood and tissues lining gastrointestinal tract and airways Life span in health: Days to weeks Primary function: Antiparasitic effectors, particularly in helminthic infection; Some antiviral action; Roles in allergy Mechanism of action: Degranulation; Limited phagocytosis
28
Describe Basophil
Appearance: Characteristic blue-purple basophilic granules Location in health: Blood Life span in health: Days Primary function: Mediator of inflammation Mechanism of action: Degranulation
29
What is this?
Basophil
30
Describe Mast cells
Appearance: Round nucleus, cytoplasm densely packed with purple granules Location in health: Tissue, particularly connective tissue surrounding vasculature and nerves, and the lamina propria of the mucosa Life span in health: Weeks to months Primary function: Immune surveillance, mediator and amplifier of inflammation and allergy Mechanism of action: Detection of threats and release of response inflammatory mediators via degranulation (vasoactive amines) or synthesis of lipid mediators and cytokines
31
What are the innate cells of the immune system
Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils Mast cells
32
What are phagocytes?
Macrophages Dendritic cells
33
What is the most important cell in the adaptive immune system
Dendritic cells
34
Describe Dendritic cells
Appearance: Round nucleus, clear cytoplasm, irregular shape with long branched projections (dendrites) Location in health: Tissues Life span in health: Months Primary function: Immune surveillance, antigen processing and presentation Mechanism of action: Detection of threats and release of inflammatory mediators; Endocytosis and phagocytosis
35
What type of cell is this
Mast cell
36
Describe Macrophages
Appearance: Round nucleus, clear-vacuolated cytoplasm, irregular cell shape action small in Location in health: Peripheral tissue Life span in health: Months Primary function: Immune surveillance, moderate antimicrobial capacity, limited antigen presentation Mechanism of action: Detection of threats and release system of inflammatory mediators; Phagocytosis
37
What are lymphocytes
NK Cells (Natural Killer) Lymphocytes
38
Describe Na Killer?
Appearance: Large lymphoid cell, round nucleus, azurophilic cytoplasmic granules Location in health: Blood, spleen Life span in health: Months Primary function: Destruction of virally infected or abnormal host cells (including tumor cells) Mechanism of action: Recognition of virally infected or abnormal host cells and targeted release of cytotoxic granules
39
What type of cell is this?
Macrophages
40
What type of cell is this?
Dendritic cell
41
What type of cell is this
NK cell (Natural Killer)
42
What type of cell is this?
Appearance: Round nucleus, clear cytoplasm, high N:C ratio Location in health: Blood, tissues, secondary lymphoid organs Life span in health: Weeks to months, years (Memory cells)
43
Describe Lymphocyte
Appearance: Round nucleus, clear cytoplasm, high N:C ratio Location in health: Blood, tissues, secondary lymphoid organs Life span in health: Weeks to months, years (Memory cells)
44
What are the two major types of lympthocytes
T cells and B cells
45
Complement system
Collection of plasma proteins that are individually inert but can interact in a cascade once they are activated Attacks the cellular membrane leading to cell death Act as signalling molecules that recruit immune cells to inflammatory sites
46
How does the immune system communicate ?
Cell-to-cell contact - using receptors and ligands Cytokines
47
What are receptors and ligands
Receptors * Expressed on the surface of a cell or in intracellular compartments Ligands * Molecules that activate receptors * Soluble or membrane-bound
48
What are Cytokines
Proteins with diverse functions such as cell growth, activation Interleukins - Communication between cells Chemokines - Chemotaxis

Principle of Infectious Disease (5 decks)

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