Research.GettingStarted Flashcards
- is a systematic investigation which involves 2, 3, and 4 information in a sequential manner in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon of interest
- Research (2) collecting (3). Analyzing (4) interpreting
- Research is a (1) for (1) that begins w/a (1). 2. Intended to benefit the counseling profession when there are gaps between what (2)and what is 2
- search; truth; question (2) clients need; being provided to them
A ___ ____ is the general question that guides the direction of the research
research question
Once a research question is identified, __ are developed
Hypotheses
________ _____ ______ _____ : (1) Practice drives client outcomes; (2) Client outcomes drive research; (3) Research drives practice
Scientist Practitioner Feedback Loop
Scientist Practitioner Feedback Loop: Practice drives __
client outcomes
Scientist Practitioner Feedback Loop: Client outcomes drives
Research
Scientist Practitioner Feedback Loop: Research drives
Practice
Basic components of research: (a); (b); (c).
(a) research question (b) hypothesis; (c) variables
A ___ is an inference or application that is an estimation of the projected results
Hypothesis
A value that is observed or manipulated
Variable
After identifying a (broad) research question, making a hypothesis, and considering the variables to be studied, the next step is to determine the appropriate __ ___.
RESEARCH DESIGN
___ : such characteristics that have more than one attribute or value (thereby making them capable of ___)
Variables; varying
Basic Component of Research: Techniques employed for data examination
Research Design
Types of Research design
Quantitative design
Basic Component of Research: Quantitative designs collect __or__ data
numerical; categorical
Basic Component of Research: Qualitative designs collect data in the form of ___ ___
narrative answers
Basic components of research: ___ designs collect data in the form of narrative answers
Qualitative
Basic components of research: Qualitative designs are often focused on a
central phenomenon
Research methods/designs/empirical inquires: (a); (b); (c)
a. relational or correlational
Experimental research defines the ____
Variables
Descriptive research provides an overview of the actual ___ _ _ ___.
presence of the variables
____ research: describes how certain variables are in relation to other variables
Relational/correlational
Qualitative research focuses on
focuses on the view and experience of the participant
Research concerned with linking or making an association between existing variables, and if so, determining the strength and pattern of the relationship
Relational/correlational research
A ___ research design/method is not concerned with cause and effect but to define the presence of a particular phenomenon
Descriptive
___ research attempts to define causality
Experimental
___ variables are manipulated to determine its effect on another
Independent variables
___ variables are studied
Dependent variables
Exp. research, the researcher measures the effect the ____ variable has on the ___ variable
independent; dependent
In ___ research, the researcher is interested in how the __ variable responds as a result of the __ variable
experimental; dependent; independent
A subset of the target population of potential participants for the research questions being investigated
Sample
In order to gather data, researchers must determine how the population of their study will be ___ and ____
defined and sampled
A __ __ includes all the participants from which the research sample could be drawn based on the research question being investigated
target population
______: If the sample comprises a greater percentage of the actual population it is more likely to truly represent the population being studied
Generalizability
Extend to which the results of a measurement or procedure actually serve the purpose for which it is intended
Validity
Extent to which the results of a measurement or procedure are consistent from one measurement to another
Reliability
A statement of the problem and its significance
Research Question
A Research Question may be in the form of an actual __ or may be a __ __.
question; declarative statement
Hypothesis: Tentative/potential answer to the proposed research Q that’s informed by ___ ___ and understanding the problem. “Posed” to be either supported or refuted, no difference in research quality dependent on the outcome. (Do not use the word “___”)
existing literature; “proven”
Quality research is ___ in focus and ___ in scope; beginning researchers make the mistake of looking at ___ research questions that cannot be practically studied.
specific; limited; broad
___ ____ must specific in their focus and intention
Research questions
Hypothesis are stated in _____ ____ and are never questions
absolute terms
A means of identifying and selecting a portion of the total population to be studied.
Sampling
Representative of the population by mirroring proportionately the characteristics of the entire population.
Sampling
Types of sampling: (1) __; (2)__; (3)__; (4)__
- random
__ sampling: Each person has an independent & equal opportunity to participate in research
Random
random sampling; participants determined by using __ ___
random selection
___ sampling: Involves listing potential participants and choosing a specified number (like every 5th name)
Systematic
___ sampling: Used to ensure that identified subgroups are represented in the sample.
Stratified
Stratified sampling; Divides the overall population into identified subgroups then ___
Randomly samples within these groups.
____ or ___ samples: Made up of the members of the larger population that are most accessible to the researcher.
Convenience or opportunity
___ sampling: May include asking for volunteers, studying available participants, or sending surveys for participants you can access.
Convenience or opportunity
Sample size is dependent on: (1) the type of __ __ (2). nature of the __ __ __ (3) available
(1) study being conducted (2) population under consideration (3) time, money, and resources
