Researchers Flashcards
Lamb et al (1982)
Studied att with grandparents and siblings
- found that infants had different attachments rather than hierarchal with mother at top.
- (father=play) (mothers= comfort)
REFUTES BOWLBY who suggests mothers are the most significant att. Figures.
Bowlby (1951)
- Monotropic theory
- Believed Infants formed one significant attachment - Mother
Schaffer + Emerson (1964)
Stages of att.
Stage of attachment development
-composed research that found 4 stages of attachment
Pre. Indiscrimate.Discrimate & Multiple att.
REFUTED BOWLBY who rejected the concept of multiple attachments.
Harlow (1959)
Animal study
Conducted a study with Rhesus monkeys
- with 4 conditions (wire mother with food and wire mother with comfort)
- Found Rhesus monkeys went to wire mother with comfort most of the time.
- Rhesus monkeys have an innate need for contact comfort
- COMFORT IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN FOOD FOR FORMING ATTACHMENTS
Lorenz (1935)
(Nidifugous birds)
Animal study
Investigated imprinting with geese.
- 1 hatched with mothers
- 2 hatched with Lorenz
- Found that a critical period between 4-25 hours must be made to form att.
SUPPORTED BY BOWLBY - believes there is a critical period In humans (0-3 years)
Learning Theory
Classical > food associated with mother= pleasure > att
Operant > positive reinforcement = crying to receive food > maintains att.
Negative reinforcement - giving food to stop crying.
Brown et al (2010)
Belsky et al (2009) found the same with marital intimacy.
Role of fathers
Assessed att patterns - 68 families
Infants aged 12-13 m
-Found supportive co-parenting lead to better father-infant att.
-not mothers
-important for fathers
Lamb et al (1987)
Role of fathers
Found fathers Can quickly develop sensitive responsiveness.
- suggests it is not an innate ability for women only.
- Also found, infants prefer interacting with fathers when positive.
Schaffer + Emerson (1950)
REFUTES LEARNING THEORY
- 39% cases > mother is not main att.
- mother is not main att. figure
- food is not main explanation of att.
Dollard + Miller (1950)
1 year = 2000 feeds
- The care giver is associated with food
- pleasure = developed att.
-SUPPORTS LEARNING THEORY.
Klaus + Kenall (1976)
Physical contact
Compared mums who had physical contact w/ infants for several hours with mums who only had physical contact during feeding time after birth.
- found that a year later these effects wer noticeable
- more physical contact = stronger form of att.
Dunkin
Believes physical contact is not cause of att
Attention is.
Melzoff + Moore (1977)
Reciprocity / mimicking
Infants aged 2-3 weeks
Mimicked adults facial expressions
-supports it to be an innate ability for forming att.
-seen in infants less than 3 days - biological.
Papousek (1991)
Caregiverese
Using a high pitch tone to gain response from infant = cross-cultural
-caregiverese = innate
Biological mechanism for interaction > formation of att.
Condon + Sander (1974)
Interactional synchrony
Recordings of infants movement to find they co-ordinated actions in a sequence as if having a conversation.
Supports Interactional synchrony reinforce attachment bonds
Carpenter (1975)
Presented familiar and unfamiliar faces and voices to infants (2 weeks)
- becomes distressed when it wasn’t mothers voice/face.
- Attracted to mothers from early age.
REFUTES SCHAFFER AND EMERSON who suggest babies are attracted to any person/ thing at this stage.
Ijzendoorn + Kroonberg 1988
Assess similarities and differences between type A B C att types in cultures.
Gross man & Grossman (1991)
German infants tended to be classified as insecurely att.
Due to different child rearing practices
Supports there are cross-cultural variations
Gross man & Grossman (1991)
German infants tended to be classified as insecurely att.
Due to different child rearing practices
Supports there are cross-cultural variations
Schaffer and Emerson 1964
Study
Longitudinal > 60 newborn each month for 18 m
Observational study
Measured separation &a stranger anxiety
Att made with those who showed sensitive responsiveness
61% multiple att
Infants behave in the same way with different att figures.
Harlow et al 1965
- Raised monkeys in isolation for 3 6 12 24 m
- displayed signs of psychological disturbance
- hugging their body’s rocking repeatively
- fearful of others
- biting there own legs, pulling out hair
- no sexual courtship
- abused infants - chewed off baby’s feet/ hands
Harlow & Suomi (1972)
- monkeys isolated for 6 m
- gradually increased contact w/ monkey therapist
- 12 m = almost normal
- 3 years = living amongst other animals
- isolationist IS reversible
Hetherington & Stanley - Hagan (1999)
Long term deprivation
Only 25% long of children experience long term adjustment problems after a divorce.
Most children can adapt
Refutes bowl you
Freud & Dann 1951
6 children in Nazi concentration camps
- orphaned at a few months - no att bonds
- Bulldog bank centre age 3-4
- developed att
Refutes bowlby.
Curtis ( 1977)
Genie
Locked away until age 13
Could not stand up/ speak
Moved to 6 different foster homes
Deteriorated
Ainsworth 1978
Strange situation study.
Infants 9-18 months
Assess stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
3 types of att.
Secure att = main att
Kolachuva (1972-1991)
Reported on identical twins Mother died at birth Locked in a cellar until 5 Found at 7 > physical & mental damage. Physical therapy > age 14 near normal
Rutter (2006)
Multiple employment for residential homes
- created distinct att types.
Bowlby (1944)
Compared 44 juvenile thieves with control
Found /32%/ of thieves showed AFFECTIONLESS PSYCHOPATHY
86% - experienced maternal deprivation
Supports BOWLBY > deprivation = serious LT effects.
Rutter (1998)
Longitudinal study
To see if loving/nurturing care could reverse privation
» ROMANIAN ORPHANAGES
111 orphans assessed > 50% retarded (cog)
52 British adopt (control)
Conditions = all adopted before 6m /after 2 yrs
By age 4 > improve cog development
(Orphans adopted before 6m)
Separation will not by itself cause negative Dev.
Rutter et al (2001)
Follow up study
Long term institutionalisation > more negative irreversible effects
Hamilton 1994
- securely att children
- insecurely att relationships
- negative experiences.
Hazan & Shaver (1987)
- att theory > view on adult relations
- correlation between adult att
