Key Words Flashcards
Sensitive responsiveness
Caregiver-infant interaction
care giver responds accurately to infants -develops att.
Caregiverese
Caregiver-infant interaction
- Using high pitched tone
- Form of interaction
- Helps to form attachment .
Papousek (1991)
Reciprocity
Infants mimick adult facial expressions and movement as a form of interaction .
Innate.
Melzof & Moore
Physical contact
More physical / skin to skin contact = stronger formation of attachment.
Klaus & Kenall
Interactional synchrony
Infants were found to move in a sequence as if having a conversation.
Turn taking with care-giver.
-helps form attachment.
The Monotropic theory
BOWLBY - 1 significant care giver - mother - evolution/ natural selection - critical period (o-3 years) - secure base - when infants are incecure. - internal working model Social releases
Critical period
BOWLBY
- 0-3 years for infant to form att otherwise no att can be formed
Social releases
- infants innate ability
- forms/develops/maintains att
- crying, smiling, clinging etc
Internal working model
Template used to help develop future att.
- template not made > no new att formed.
Evolution
- secure emotional bonds developed through natural selection.
- Darwin
- infants form att As a method of survival.
- innate
Ainsworth
Strange situation
Method
-8 episodes - 3mins each
-Observation method.
-106 infants observed
Significant episodes
~ mother, infant
~ stranger, infant
~ infant
Ainsworth
Strange situation
Method
Insecure avoidant - 15% ~ not stressed when alone
Secure att - 70% ~ distressed when alone
Insecure-resistant - 15% ~ fussy&a wary continuously.
Ainsworth
Conclusion
- sensitive responsiveness determines quality of att.
- sensitive mothers = secure att to infant.
Ainsworth
Evaluation
Pros
x2
- accepted and well known method of assessing att
- Main & Weston 1981
Att is linked to individual relationships, not characteristics.
Ainsworth
Eval
Negs
X3
- lab exp ~ lacks ecological validity
BROFENBRENNER ~ att is stronger in strange place than at home. - unethical
- focuses on infants characteristics and not mothers / caregivers
- att types are fixed characteristics.
Cultural variation
Differences in child attachments between different cultures.
Ainsworth (1978)
Strange situation aim
Test infants age 9-18m
- under conditions of mild stress
- stranger anxiety
- Separation anxiety
- concept of the secure base
Germany
Types of att
Secure att - 60%
Insecure res - 10%
Insecure avoidant - 40%
Highest insecure avoidant
- individualism
Japan
Att types
Secure -70%
Insecure res - 30%
Insecure avoidant - 5%
Highest insecure resistant
- Eastern families - collectivist.
What do eastern and western countries have in common w/ attachment
All have the highest percentage for secure att.
Supports Ainsworths strange situation theory
Can be generalised
- suggests secure att = main att
Evaluation of Izjendoorn and Kroonberg study
- Numbers of mother-infant pairs vary - inaccurate data
- imposed Etic ~
analysing findings in a biased manner , applying their cultural beliefs to other cultures - wrong
What are
Child rearing practices
The way a child is raised .
This varies in different cultures
MDH
Material deprivation Hypothesis
Bowlby
Explains what happens if attachments are broken / never made.
Damage to child’s emotional, social and intellectual development.
Short term separation
Temporary separation from att figure
- causes 3 types of distress.
Protest
Despair
Detachment
PDD model
Protest - crying, screaming, clinging to mother > direct expression of child’s anger / confusion
Despair - calmer protest. Anger/fear is indirect
Child comforts it self > thumb sucking.
Detachment - treats everyone warily. Rejects caregiver on their return. > anger
Long - term deprivation
Lengthy / permanent separations from att figures
Eg: divorce, death, imprisonment.
40% of divorces .
Privation
Children who have never formed an attachment suffer from privation.
The number of privation cases is rare, therefore only case studies are used to study this matter.
Institutionalisation
Orphanage or residential children homes.
Institutional care
Child care provided by orphanages and children’s homes.
Affection less psychopathy
- Bowlby 44 thieves
Inability to show affection / concern for others
Dis inhibited attachment
Clingy, attention seeking behaviour
Indiscriminate sociability
(socialise with any adult)
Distinctive att type
A unique att type
Disinhibited att
Romanian Institutional care showed….
Lack of food Toys Social interaction Space Care
Institutional care = negative development in kids.
Rutter
Evaluation
+
Continuity hypothesis
There is a consistency between early emotional experiences and later relationships.
Inter generational attachment
Continuity between adults att types and their children
