Research Webnr 1 Flashcards
What is EBM
The integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient’s values
look at evidence pryamid slide 4 of webnr 1
look at slide 4 of
during data collection: reserchers must??
what about during data analysis
during publication: ????
During data collection: researchers must be careful to minimize the effect of personal bias
During data analysis: researchers have an obligation to publish findings and to be thorough and honest
During publication: researchers must have major contributions to a project. Agreements about authorship should be made early to avoid later conflicts.
Control groups why have them
What does the researcher need to offer if its the treatment was deemed a success
Comparison treatment vs no treatment or sham treatment
Comparison two or more treatment
Still there is need a control group
As a form of compensation, a researcher may offer the experimental treatment to a control group after data collection is complete, if results indicate that treatment was beneficial
Morale prinicipals of Action or the four laws of ethics ether one
Beneficence: We should act in ways that promote the welfare of other people. Not only DO NOT HARM, but also HELP people.
Non-maleficence: We ought to act in ways that do not cause needless harm or injury others, also don’t expose them to unnecessary risk.
Utility: We should act in such a way as to bring about the greatest benefit and the least harm.
Autonomy: Rational individuals should be permitted to be self-determining.
What does HIPPA protect
“Protected health information” which includes all individually identifiable health information in any form or medium, electronic, paper, and oral.
Current or previous health status
Health care services received
Information regarding past, current, or future payments for health care
Consent does it have to be voulantary???
What is it?
Does the researcher need to give adequate information about the case or study
Does there need to be ongoing dialouge between researcher and subject
Voluntary Informed Consent is essential for research involving human subjects
Patients or subjects give permission for treatment or testing
They need to be given adequate information in order to make educated decisions about undergoing the treatment or test
Ongoing and interactive dialogue between research staff and research participants
Is it true that any research that has human subjects must go through IRB?
In the USA, there is a law that says that any institution where research with human subjects is conducted and that receives national government research money must have an IRB.
There is a possible conflict of interest for some IRB members who value science and also value human rights and informed consent.
Role of IRB think like privacy, risk to subjects is minimized things along that nature.
The IRB has to approve a research study and must review these documents at the least an annual basis.
The role of the IRB is to protect the rights and welfare of individual research subjects.
The IRB assure that the following requirements are satisfied:
1. risk to subjects are minimized
2. risk to subjects are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits,
3. selection of subjects is equitable, i.e. fair
4. informed consent is sought form each subject or his/her legally authorized representative5. informed consent is appropriately documented,
6. when appropriate, the research plan makes provisions for monitoring data collection,
7. privacy and confidentiality of research subjects are appropriately protected
8. when some or all of the subjects are likely to be vulnerable to coercion or undue influence, additional safeguards have been included.
What type of risks are there
Physical risks
Psychological risks
Social risks
Economic risks
Key points some kids and mentally retarted adults are compromised or people that speak other lanuages
Health care workers must be aware of any ethical issues
Health and social care practitioners must be aware of ethical issues
Informed consent is an important consideration in all research involving human participants
Some research participants, such as children and people with a mental health problem, are considered vulnerable
Confidentiality and anonymity should be maintained
Research Ethic Committees and Research Governance procedures serve the interests of patients with regard to research
review any slides that weren’t covered in before variables
review any slides that werent covered before the variable slides.
Describe an IV and what is the different levels mean
think like if you did squats for an ACL tear vs. LAQ and which over a period of 3 weeks lead to stronger quads the LAQ or Squats would be the IV and the DV would be the strength of the quads
A researcher controls or choses
They are causes of outcomes
Treatment is IV
Must have at least two values (levels)
If there is only one value, it is a constant, not a variable
Comparison of two treatments: IV has two levels
Comparison of three treatments: IV has three levels
Comparison of four treatments: IV has four levels
Active vs. Assigned independent variables
Active: The researcher can control IV. (anxiety level, treatment duration, …)
At least one active IV is essential for experiment and drawing a conclusion
Assigned (attribute): The researcher can not control/alter during the experiment (age, health status, and intelligence, …)
It is hard to assign cause and effect since it is not true experiment
dependent variables give examples
This is the variable that is affected by the independent variable.
If scientist manipulates an active independent variable, and the result is a change in a dependent variable.
It must be operationally defined. How to measure
Pain level, ROM, MMT, Functional Independence Measure, performance ratings, hand dexterity, success in using adaptive device….
