Research Test 2

Question 1

the capacity to detect a true relationship

Answer 1

statistical validity

Question 2

Do smaller sample sizes are bigger sample sizes cause statistical validity?

Answer 2

bigger

Question 3

the extent to which it can be inferred that the independent variable is truly causing the outcome

Answer 3

internal validity

Question 4

What kind of studies have a higher internal validity?

Answer 4

RCT

Question 5

What kind of studies have a lower internal validity?

Answer 5

quasi and correlational

Question 6

competing explanation are also called what

Answer 6

threats to internal validity

Question 7

What design is unclear whether the independent variable preceded the dependent variable?

Answer 7

cross-sectional

Question 8

A type of internal validity that reflects biases stemming from preexisting differences between groups.

Answer 8

selection threat

Question 9

A threat to internal validity that relates to the occurrence of events concurrent with the independent viable that can affect the outcome.

Answer 9

history threat

Question 10

Which designs are most likely to be affected by history threat?

Answer 10

one-group pretest-posttest and time-series

Question 11

A threat to internal validity that arises from processes occurring as a result of time rather than the independent variable.

Answer 11

maturation threat

Question 12

What group is vulnerable to maturation threat?

Answer 12

one-group pretest-posttest

Question 13

What is the single biggest threat to studies that do not use an experimental design?

Answer 13

selection threat

Question 14

A threat in internal validity that arises from attrition in groups being compared.

Answer 14

mortality threat

Question 15

Concerns inferences about whether relationships found for study participants.

Answer 15

external validity

Question 16

Which validity equals generalization?

Answer 16

external

Question 17

What is the threat in external validity?

Answer 17

sampling

Question 18

What is a way to get by in external validity?

Answer 18

replication

Question 19

Can research be undertaken without constructs?

Answer 19

No

Question 20

is the intervention a good representation of the construct

Answer 20

construct validity

Question 21

Researchers develop what kind of plan that specifies in advance how participants will be selected and how many to include?

Answer 21

sampling plan

Question 22

How do researchers specify characteristics that delimit the population?

Answer 22

eligibility criteria

Question 23

What is inclusion criteria?

Answer 23

a person qualifies as a member of the population

Question 24

What is exclusion criteria?

Answer 24

a person doesn’t qualify as a member of the population

Question 25

What is the target population?

Answer 25

the entire population in which a researcher is interested

Question 26

What is the accessible population?

Answer 26

the portion of the target population that is accessible to the researcher

Question 27

A type of sampling in which characteristics closely approximate those of the population.

Answer 27

representative sampling

Question 28

What is sampling bias?

Answer 28

when a sample either represents too much or doesn't represent enough

Question 29

Populations consist of subpopulations; also known as?

Answer 29

strata

Question 30

Why are strata used?

Answer 30

to enhance the sample's representativeness

Question 31

What is nonprobability sampling?

Answer 31

when researchers select elements (humans) by nonrandom methods in which every element usually does not have a chance to be included

Question 32

Which sampling entails selecting the most conveniently available people as participants?

Answer 32

convenience sampling

Question 33

What is convenience sampling at risk for?

Answer 33

bias

Question 34

What is the weakest sampling?

Answer 34

convenience sampling

Question 35

A type of nonprobability sampling in which researchers identify population strata and figure out how many people are needed from each stratum.

Answer 35

quota sampling

Question 36

A type of nonprobability sampling method that involves recruiting all people from an accessible population over a specific time interval, or for a specified sample size.

Answer 36

consecutive sampling

Question 37

A type of nonprobability sampling based on the belief that researchers' knowledge about the population can be used to hand-pick sample members.

Answer 37

purposive sampling

Question 38

What type of sampling involves random selection of elements from a population?

Answer 38

probability sampling

Question 39

The most basic probability sampling in which researchers establish a sampling frame.

Answer 39

simple random sampling

Question 40

A type of probability sampling in which the population is first divided into two or more strata, from which elements are randomly selected.

Answer 40

stratified random sampling

Question 41

A type of probability sampling that involves the selection of every kth case from a list.

Answer 41

systematic sampling

Question 42

What are sampling errors?

Answer 42

differences in between the population values and sample values

Question 43

What is a sample size?

Answer 43

the number of study participants

Question 44

What is a power analysis?

Answer 44

A way researchers can estimate how large their samples need to be

Question 45

What is the first step in critiquing sampling plans?

Answer 45

whether the researcher has adequately described the sampling strategy

Question 46

What is the second step in critiquing sampling plans?

Answer 46

whether the researcher made good sampling decisions

Question 47

What are three ways data is collected?

Answer 47

- self-report - observation - biphysiologic measures

Question 48

What are ways to collect data in self-report?

Answer 48

- questionnaire - interview - scale

Question 49

A type of scale that consists of several declarative statements (items) that express a viewpoint on a topic.

Answer 49

Likert scale

Question 50

A type of scale that can be used to measure subjective experiences, such as pain, fatigue, and dyspnea.

Answer 50

visual analog scale

Question 51

lowest level of measurement; describes attributes; example is gender - not usually measured

Answer 51

nominal

Question 52

Likert scale is an example of what kind of measurement?

Answer 52

ordinal

Question 53

Can you do math on ordinal measurements?

Answer 53

no

Question 54

researcher can specify the ranking of objects and specify the distance between them no actual zero; example is an IQ

Answer 54

interval

Question 55

Highest level; does have a meaningful level of zero provide information about the absolute magnitude of the attribute example is weighte

Answer 55

ratio

Question 56

the consistency and accuracy of a measurment

Answer 56

reliability

Question 57

three aspects of reliability

Answer 57

stability, internal consistency, and equivalence

Question 58

the extent to which all the items on the instrument measure the same trait

Answer 58

internal consistency

Question 59

the degree to which similar results are obtained on separate occasions

Answer 59

stability

Question 60

the degree of similarity between alternative forms of an instrument or between multiple raters/observers using an instrument

Answer 60

equivalence

Question 61

the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure

Answer 61

validity

Question 62

a type of validity based on personal judgement and refers to whether the instrument looks as though it is an appropriate measure of the construct

Answer 62

face

Question 63

a type of validity and the degree to which an instrument has an adequate sample of items for the construct being measure

Answer 63

content

Question 64

a type of validity and the degree to which the instrument is related to an external criterion

Answer 64

criterion-related

Question 65

What is the instrument really measuring and does it adequately measure the construct of interest

Answer 65

construct validity