Research terms Flashcards
What is bias
Bias an error that can distort measurements and/or affect investigations and their results.There are different types of bias that can be introduced in research and studies
Bias determines how valid a study is ( the more bias the less valid)
Name some types of bias
Selections bias -
Publication bias
Funding bias
Experimenter bias
Reporting bias
Cultural bias
what is selection bias
researchers use samples that do not represent the entire population e.g only use sample from a certain age group
What is quantitive research and an example
Based on scientific methods that generate numerical data and seek to establish causal and effect relationships between two or more variables.
Uses statistical methods to test strength and significance of relationships.
e.g electric toothbrush vs standard and amount of caries seen
What are retrospective studies and an example
In retrospective studies, individuals are sampled and information is collected about their past.They then using existing data to review these past collection g smoking - cancer - look in past and
What is a prospective study
In prospective studies, individuals are identified and followed over time and data about them is collected as their characteristics or circumstances change.
What is a method
The actual description of how the study was conducted - contains the study design ,setting ,participants and the outcomes measures
what would be a good research
Double or triple blinded
Randomised control study
What is the C.R.A.P test
A way to evaluate sources in four main categories:
Currency
Is the resource from an appropriate time?
Reliability
Can you depend on the information and trust it to be accurate?
Authority
Can you trust the source the information comes from?
Purpose/Point of View
What is the author’s motivation for publishing the resource?
What does the C stand for in C.R.A.P testing papers
Currency
Is the resource from an appropriate time?
- When was it originally published?
- Has it been updated or revised since then?
- Does the time frame fit your needs?
What does the R stand for in C.R.A.P evaluation
Reliability
Can you depend on the information and trust it to be accurate?
- Did the author use any evidence, and show their sources with citations and references, or list of sources?
- Is the spelling and grammar correct?
- Can you verify the information through other sources?
What does the A stand for in C.R.A.P test
Authority
Can you trust the source the information comes from?
- Who is the author, and what are their credentials?
- Who is the publisher or sponsor?
- What does the URL end with? (.gov, .org, .edu, .com?)
What does the P stand for in C.R.A.P test
Purpose/Point of View
What is the author’s motivation for publishing the resource?
- Is the author trying to inform, persuade, sell to, or entertain you?
- Are there advertisements or links to buy things? If so, are they marked clearly or sponsored by the resource?
- Does the author seem objective or biased? Do they name any affiliations or conflicts of interest?
what biases could be seen if a study on woman’s health uses a male interviewer
Response Bias: feel uncomfortable discussing sensitive health issues with a male interviewer, underreporting of certain health behaviors or symptoms. also affecting validity of response due to this
Trust Bias: may perceive a male interviewer as less understanding of women’s health issues, so not willingto share information openly and honestly.
Sampling Bias: unwilling to participate in a study with a male interviewer so select out of the study, leading to a biased sample not adequately representing the entire target population.
Cultural Bias: In some cultures, taboos around interactions between men and women, which could further exacerbate discomfort and reluctance to participate in the study.
What is qualities research?
Collecting and analysing non numerical data… observes and interprets
