Research task 1

Question 1

Coronary Heart Disease

Answer 1

Coronary artery disease, also called CAD, is a condition that affects your heart. It is the most common heart disease in the United States. CAD happens when coronary arteries struggle to supply the heart with enough blood, oxygen and nutrients. Cholesterol deposits, or plaques, are almost always to blame.

• Coronary arteries= arteries that supply blood to heart
o Needs these arteries as heart muscle wall is too thick for oxygen to diffuse across

Question 1

Coronary Heart Disease Cause

Answer 1

• Build-up of fatty substances
o Cholesterol deposits inside the damaged walls of blood vessels
o Blood vessels try to follow to get rid of cholesterol
 Kicks of inflammatory reaction- Atherosclerosis (hardening of the blood vessel)
 Process causes blood vessel to become hard and stiff over time
o Plaque= fatty bulge of cholesterol and dead white blood cells
 Takes decades to build up to clinical level= symptoms
• Plaque bulges into vessel and does not allow blood to pass through

• Cholesterol deposits, or plaques, are almost always to blame.
• Smoking. Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. …
• High blood pressure. High blood pressure (hypertension) puts a strain on your heart and can lead to CHD. …
• High cholesterol. …
• High lipoprotein (a) …
• Lack of regular exercise. …
• Diabetes. …
• Thrombosis.
o Thrombosis occurs when blood clots block your blood vessels.
 hardening of the arteries, called arteriosclerosis. This happens when fatty or calcium deposits cause artery walls to thicken. This can lead to a buildup of fatty material (called plaque) in the artery walls. This plaque can suddenly burst (rupture), followed by a blood clot.

Question 2

Coronary Heart Disease effect on cardiovascular system

Answer 2

• When you exercise, heart rate goes up due to increased oxygen requirements of heart (muscle)
o Plaque means that not enough blood can pass through to feed that muscle
 That piece of muscle becomes “hypoxic” (not enough oxygen)
• This causes angina pectoris symptom

Question 3

Stable angina pectoris

Answer 3

Plaque means that not enough blood can pass through to feed that muscle
 That piece of muscle becomes “hypoxic” (not enough oxygen)
• This causes angina pectoris symptom

Question 4

Unstable angina pectoris

Answer 4

• Acute coronary syndrome:
o Unstable angina
 Covering of plaque on inside of blood vessel can burst
• Exposes plaque material to blood
o Plaque material is very thrombogenic (causes blood clots to form on it)
o Blood clots form
o Plaque goes back and forth from stuck to unstuck
 Sometimes artery is clogged, sometimes it is not
 Can get chest pains at any time

Question 5

Symptoms of coronary heart disease

Answer 5

•	Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
•	Weakness, 
light-headedness, 
nausea 
 cold sweat

Question 6

Treatments of CHD

Answer 6

• Treatments include lifestyle changes, medication, angioplasty and surgery.
• Cholesterol-modifying medications. …
• Aspirin. …
• Beta blockers. …
• Calcium channel blockers. …
• Ranolazine. …
• Nitroglycerin. …
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).
• Quitting smoking, Weight loss, Physical exercise and Low fat diet
• Coronary artery bypass surgery

Question 7

What is cholesterol?

Answer 7

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that’s found in all the cells in your body.

Saturated fats raise your LDL (bad) cholesterol. High LDL cholesterol increases your risk for heart disease and stroke.

Question 8

Prevention of CHD

Answer 8

• Eat less of the foods that add to heart problems, and more of the foods that protect the heart
• low in saturated fats and trans fats, higher in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated the fats found in olive oil and fish
• high in fiber (found in plant foods), and low in salt and sugar.
• Avoid smoking and using tobacco products. …
• Be physically active every day. …
• Eat a heart-healthy diet. …
• Keep a healthy weight. …
• Keep your blood pressure healthy. …
• Keep your total cholesterol healthy. …
• Preventing stable Angina pectoris:
o Reduce exertion so that enough blood can be supplied to heart muscle

Question 9

What is stroke?

Answer 9

A stroke, or brain attack, happens when blood flow to your brain is stopped.

Question 10

Stroke cause

Answer 10

• a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or;
• leaking bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke).
o Leaking blood out of circulation prevents other parts of areas from getting blood
 Deprived areas get damaged and/or die
 Blood collects and pushes on brain tissue
• Causes damage
• Blood clots pumped out of heart and up to brain stem
o Gets stuck in brain blood vessels
• Heart attack
o Clots build up
• Build up of cholesterol on arteries
• TIA- mini stroke that goes away and thus, does not lead to permanent disability
• Some people may have only a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA), that doesn’t cause lasting symptoms

Question 11

Effect of stroke on CV system

Answer 11

• Having a Stroke Increases a Person’s Risk for Cardiac Trouble. Some of the same risks that can lead to a stroke can also make heart problems more likely. These factors include high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, coronary artery disease, and heart arrhythmias.
• stroke damages brain cells so they can no longer work properly

Question 12

Symptom of stroke

Answer 12

• Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body.
• Sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or difficulty understanding speech.
• Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes.
• Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or lack of coordination.

Question 13

Stroke treatments

Answer 13

• Early treatment with medication like tPA (clot buster) can minimise brain damage.
• Other treatments focus on limiting complications and preventing additional strokes.
• Medications:
o Alteplase, Anticoagulant, Statin, Antihypertensive drug and ACE inhibitor
• Surgery:
o Carotid endarterectomy

Question 14

Stroke prevention

Answer 14

• eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly, and avoid smoking and drinking too much alcohol.
• Lower Your Blood Pressure.
• Stay Away From Smoking.
• Manage Your Heart.
• Cut the Booze.
• Control Your Diabetes.
• Exercise.
• Eat Better Foods.
• Watch the Cholesterol.

Question 15

Peripheral vascular disease

Answer 15

Peripheral vascular disease is the reduced circulation of blood to a body part, other than the brain or heart, due to a narrowed or blocked blood vessel.

Question 16

Effect of peripheral vascular disease on CV

Answer 16

• Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a blood circulation disorder that causes the blood vessels outside of your heart and brain to narrow, block, or spasm. This can happen in your arteries or veins.

Question 17

Symptoms of peripheral vascular disease

Answer 17

• Most frequently occurrent when active
o Explains why inactive people commonly asymptomatic
• Changes in the skin, including decreased skin temperature, or thin, brittle, shiny skin on the legs and feet.
• Weak pulses in the legs and the feet.
• Gangrene (dead tissue due to lack of blood flow)

Question 18

Treatment of peripheral vascular disease

Answer 18

• Tobacco cessation, exercise and a healthy diet are often successful treatments. When these changes aren’t enough, medication or surgery can help.
• Medical procedure
o Angioplasty
• Self-care
o Physical exercise, Quitting smoking and Heart-Healthy diet
• Medications
o Statin, Vasodilator and Anticoagulant

Question 19

Prevention of peripheral vascular disease

Answer 19

• maintain a healthy, active lifestyle: If you are a smoker, quit smoking. Work to control your blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose levels. Exercise regularly.
• Healthy diet

Question 20

Effects of smoking on CV

Answer 20

• Smoking increases the formation of plaque in blood vessels. Coronary Heart Diseaseoccurs when arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle are narrowed by plaque or blocked by clots. Chemicals in cigarette smoke cause the blood to thicken and form clots inside veins and arteries.

· Carbon monoxide, tar, and nicotine breathed in
• Carbon monoxide= poisonous gas that reduces amount of O2 carried around body
○ Attaches to haemoglobin (binds 200-300 times more than oxygen)
§ Makes heart work harder
§ Overworked
§ Need to breath more
§ Could result in heart failure
• Tar- toxic chemical forms layer of sticky brown chemicals around lungs that can cause cancer
○ 2 thirds of tar breathed in stays in lungs
• Nicotine increases heart rate and blood pressure
• Chemicals make walls of arteries sticky as they enter bloodstream
○ Increases amount of fatty deposits that stick to artery walls over time
§ Harder for oxygen-rich blood to travel through arteries to heart and brain
§ Can lead to heart attack or stroke if clogged

Question 21

Effects of excessive alcohol on CV

Answer 21

• At the time of drinking, alcohol can cause a temporary increase in heart rate and blood pressure. In the long-term, drinking above the guidelines can lead to on-going increased heart rate, high blood pressure, weakened heart muscle and irregular heartbeat.

Can cause alcoholic cardio myopathy
• Weakening of the pump function of the heart resultant from excessive alcohol drinking

Can affect heart rhythm
• Abnormal heart rhythm
○ Atrial fibrillation

Increased risk for heart attack and heart failure

Question 22

Diet on CV

Answer 22

Less salty foods and more potassium-rich foods limits risks of cardiovascular disease

Fewer saturated and trans fats prevents formation of bad cholesterol (low density lipoprotein)

Question 23

Inactivity on CV

Answer 23

· How does physical inactivity increase the risk of heart and circulatory diseases? Being inactive can lead to fatty material building up in your arteries (the blood vessels that carry blood to your organs). If the arteries that carry blood to your heart get damaged and clogged, it can lead to a heart attack.
· Heart muscle not strengthened
· Heart diseases, including coronary artery disease and heart attack.
· High blood pressure.
High cholesterol.

Question 24

Emphysema cause

Answer 24

The main cause of emphysema is long-term exposure to airborne irritants, including: Tobacco smoke. Marijuana smoke. Air pollution.

Question 25

Effect on respiratory system

Answer 25

In people with emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged. Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture — creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones. This reduces the surface area of the lungs and, in turn, the amount of oxygen that reaches your bloodstream.

• Elastin of bronchioles reduces
o Reduces structure
o Airway closes
• Emphysema= elastin destruction

Question 26

Emphysema symptoms

Answer 26

• Frequent coughing or wheezing.
• A cough that produces a lot mucus.
• Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity.
• A whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe.
• Tightness in your chest.

• Air cannot get out effectively
o Inflated chest

Question 27

Emphysema treatments

Answer 27

• Bronchodilators. These drugs can help relieve coughing, shortness of breath and breathing problems by relaxing constricted airways.
• Inhaled steroids. Corticosteroid drugs inhaled as aerosol sprays reduce inflammation and may help relieve shortness of breath.
• Antibiotics.

Question 28

Emphysema prevention

Answer 28

Prevention. To prevent emphysema, don’t smoke and avoid breathing second-hand smoke. Wear a mask to protect your lungs if you work with chemical fumes or dust.

Question 29

Lung cancer cause

Answer 29

Causes of lung cancer include smoking, second-hand smoke, exposure to certain toxins and family history.

• Smoking. Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer. …
• Radon. Radon exposure is the second-leading cause of lung cancer. …
• Hazardous Chemicals. Exposure to certain hazardous chemicals poses a lung cancer risk. …

Question 30

Lung cancer effect on Respiratory system

Answer 30

Sometimes, lung cancer tumors grow in a way that blocks airways, put pressure on lungs or cause inflammation in the respiratory system. All of these situations can prevent your respiratory system from working properly, leading to problems getting in enough air.

Lung cancer can also cause fluid to accumulate around the lungs, making it harder for the affected lung to expand fully when you inhale.

Question 31

Lung cancer symptoms

Answer 31

• Coughing that gets worse or doesn’t go away.
• Chest pain.
• Shortness of breath.
• Wheezing.
• Coughing up blood.
• Feeling very tired all the time.

Question 32

Lung cancer treatment

Answer 32

• Don’t smoke. If you’ve never smoked, don’t start. …
• Stop smoking. Stop smoking now. …
• Avoid secondhand smoke. …
• Test your home for radon. …
• Avoid carcinogens at work. …
• Eat a diet full of fruits and vegetables. …
• Exercise most days of the week.

Question 33

Asthma cause

Answer 33

allergens such as pollen, dust, food items and mould (allergic asthma) smoke from cigarettes, bushfires and traffic pollution. other irritants such as cleaning products, perfumes, aerosol products and certain workplace chemicals.

Question 34

Asthma effect

Answer 34

the inside walls of the airways in your lungs can become inflamed and swollen. In addition, membranes in your airway linings may secrete excess mucus. The result is an asthma attack. During an asthma attack, your narrowed airways make it harder to breathe, and you may cough and wheeze.

During an asthma attack smooth muscles located in the bronchioles of the lung constrict and decrease the flow of air in the airways. The amount of air flow can further be decreased by inflammation or excess mucus secretion.

Smooth muscle contracts.

Lumen decreases in size.

Inflammatory response= body starts producing mucus and fluid.
• Inner lumen is supposed to be relatively dry

Question 35

Asthma symptoms

Answer 35

• Shortness of breath.
• Chest tightness or pain.
• Wheezing when exhaling, which is a common sign of asthma in children.
• Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing.
• Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu.

Question 36

Asthma treatment

Answer 36

Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. Long-term asthma control medications, generally taken daily, are the cornerstone of asthma treatment.

Bronchodilators, or most commonly called inhalers, are medications that are breathed through the mouth and into the lungs to help relax muscles that tighten around your airways. The medicine helps open the airway and lets more air move in and out of your lungs and helps you breathe more easily.

Question 37

Asthma prevention

Answer 37

1. Identify Asthma Triggers.
2. Stay Away from Allergens.
3. Avoid Smoke of Any Type.
4. Prevent Colds.
5. Allergy-Proof Your Home.
6. Get Your Vaccinations.
7. Consider Immunotherapy Allergy Shots.
8. Take Asthma Medications as Prescribed.

Question 38

Effect of smoking on respiratory system

Answer 38

Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs. Lung diseases caused by smoking include COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Cigarette smoking causes most cases of lung cancer.
• irritation of the trachea (windpipe) and larynx (voice box)
• reduced lung function and breathlessness due to swelling and narrowing of the lung airways and excess mucus in the lung passages
• impairment of the lungs’ clearance system, leading to the build-up of poisonous substances, which results in lung irritation and damage
• increased risk of lung infection and symptoms such as coughing and wheezing
• permanent damage to the air sacs of the lungs.

Question 39

Impact of air pollution on respiratory system

Answer 39

• Irritate your airways and may
• cause shortness of breath,
• coughing,
• wheezing,
• asthma episodes
• chest pain.
• Exposure to air pollution puts you at risk for lung cancer, heart attacks, stroke and in extreme cases, premature death.
• Air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides can increase the susceptibility to respiratory infections.
o Inhaled particles can damage the normal defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract by causing inflammation and oxidative stress.

Question 40

Allergens impact on respiratory system

Answer 40

• Allergies can cause inflammation in your lungs
o inflammation can result in coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and other symptoms
o The symptoms of allergies, such as nasal congestion and watery eyes, come from inflammation of your body tissues
o Allergies can also cause inflammation in your lungs.
• With more and more exposure, the immune system reacts against the allergic reaction, causing chronic inflammation. The inflammation is a result of white blood cells building up in the walls of the alveoli and bronchioles. As the buildup increases, symptoms increase and damage to the lungs grows.
• Irritants in the air like smoke, chemical fumes, strong odors, or extreme weather conditions- triggers
• In more extreme cases, hypersensitivity pneumonitis can occur
o is an allergic reaction that causes inflammation in the lung tissue and the smallest airways.

Question 41

Hi