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(BSc) Sports and Exercise Psychology (Lboro) > Research Skills A > Flashcards

Research Skills A Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Rationalism?

A

the use of reason and logic to derive the truth (cannot rely on the senses because they deceive)

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2
Q

What is Empiricism?

A

Our knowledge of the world is constructed through experiences

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3
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

Breaking down mental processes into basic elements

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4
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

How human behaviour and mental processes adapt to an ever-changing environment

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5
Q

What is Empirical?

A

Verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic

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6
Q

What is Deductive reasoning?

A

(top-down) From general statement or premise to a logical and certain conclusion

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7
Q

What is Inductive reasoning?

A

(bottom-up) from a singular statement or premise to the probable validity of a conclusion

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8
Q

What is Ontology?

A

The nature of the world (Reality changes)

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9
Q

What is Epistemology?

A

Study of knowledge, how we know what’s is real

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10
Q

What is Constructivism?

A

Subjective meaning

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11
Q

What is Objectivism?

A

Reality exists independently of consciousness

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12
Q

What is Constructivism?

A

Humans generate knowledge and meaning from their interactions with the world

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13
Q

What is Interpretivism?

A

Meaning exist in our interpretations of the world

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14
Q

What’s a Hypothesis?

A

An empirically testable proposition about some fact, behaviour, relationship, or the like, usually based on theory, that states an expected outcome resulting from specific conditions or assumptions

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15
Q

What’s a Null Hypothesis?

A

no difference or effect on variables

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16
Q

What’s a Alternative Hypothesis?

A

There is a difference or effect on variables

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17
Q

What is Generalisability?

A

The extent to which findings can be generalised across a sample or population

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18
Q

What is Replication?

A

Repeating a research study in the same way as it was originally conducted

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19
Q

What is Transferability?

A

The extent to which we can transfer the findings in a specific context to another, very similar context

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20
Q

What’s the role of an Independent variable (IV)?

A

Is manipulated as a basis for predictions about the DV

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21
Q

What’s the role of an Dependent variable (DV)?

A

Is measured or recorded in an experiment

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22
Q

What’s the role of an Control Variable (CV)?

A

Are held constant or corrected for (they could affect the DV)

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23
Q

What is an Extraneous Variable?

A

These may influence the results of an experiment but are not of direct interest of the research e.g. environment

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24
Q

What is Counterbalancing?

A

Method used to eliminate order effects eg. One half of participants complete Condition A first; one half complete Condition B first (ABBA = Asymmetrical order effects)

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25
Q

What is a Representative sample?

A

a sample that contains sub-groups of people in proportion to their prevalence in the population we wish to generalise to

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26
Q

What is a Population?

A

a group which shares a common set of characteristics

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27
Q

What is a Sample?

A

The group selected from the population to participate

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28
Q

What does the term WEIRD mean in relation to psychological research?

A

WEIRD = Western – Educated – Industrialized – Rich – Democratic

29
Q

What is Sampling bias?

A

When categories are over- or under- estimated
eg. A study looking at exercise habits that recruits participants from the street in a town that has just held a half marathon.

30
Q

Probability bases sampling is…

A

When the target population has an equal probability of being selected
eg. Random samples

31
Q

Non-probability bases sampling is…

A

When a sample isn’t structured to approximate the population

32
Q

Three types of Random sampling?

A

Simple
Systematic
Stratified

33
Q

What is (systematic) Random Sampling?

A

Select specific participants through numerical sequence e.g. every 5th person

34
Q

What is (Stratified) Random Sampling?

A

random sample from various categories of a population

35
Q

What is (Simple) Random Sampling?

A

Everyone has equal opportunity of being picked

36
Q

An Opportunity Sample is..

A

Sampling through convenience

37
Q

Limitation of an Opportunity Sample is..

A

As a consequence has lower credibility as it attracts specific types of people

38
Q

What is a Peer Review?

A

Journals are reviewed by experts who analyse the quality of the research

39
Q

What is Convenience sampling?

A

Drawn from close population

40
Q

What is Purposive sampling?

A

A sample is built up which enables the researcher to meet the needs of the project, recruiting individuals that hold characteristics that meet the requirements for the study

41
Q

What is Snowball sampling?

A

Existing participants recruit more participants who are their acquaintances

42
Q

Ethics means…

A

Moral Duty of care to protect our human (and animal) participants from harm.

43
Q

Valid/Informed Consent is…

A

Agree to freely and voluntarily take part in research

44
Q

Deception is..

A

Deliberately misinforming participants or withholding information to distort the reality of the study

45
Q

What is a Debrief

A

Inform participants of the full nature of the study after their participation and attempt to reverse potential negative effects

46
Q

Right to Withdraw is…

A

A component of valid consent where a participant can withdraw at any time with no adverse consequences or penalties

46
Q

What are the BPS Code of Ethics? (4)

A

Respect
Competence
Responsibility
Integrity

47
Q

What is Plagiarism?

A

The act of passing somebody else’s ideas, thoughts, pictures, theories, words or stories as your own

48
Q

Which people fall under Vulnerable populations? (6)

A

Children
Persons lacking capacity
Those in a dependent or unequal relationship
People with learning or communication difficulties
People in care
People in custody or on probation

49
Q

Beneficence is…

A

Researchers should have the welfare of the research participant as a goal of any research study

50
Q

Nominal data is…

A

(categorical) Numbers are given to distinguish between categories but with no particular order to rank importance.
Eg. – Ethnicity

51
Q

Ordinal data is…

A

(order/rank) The size of the number assigned does represent something
Eg. 1st, 2nd, 3rd

52
Q

Interval data is…

A

Puts scores in an order, however the differences between the numbers are equal (equal intervals). There is no absolute 0 where the variable can’t be measured
Eg. Temperature Difference between 0 and 10 degrees is the same as the difference between 10 and 20 degrees.

53
Q

What is a Ratio?

A

The differences between numbers are equal but there is an absolute zero.
Eg. Height 100cm is 10x longer than 10cm but you can’t have a height less than 0

54
Q

Difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

A

Descriptive - describe your sample (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)
Inferential - Using the data to make inferences and generalizations from our sample to the wider population

55
Q

Mean, Median and mode are all examples of…

A

Measures of central Tendency

56
Q

Definition for Mean, median and the mode?

A

Mean (average) most appropriate for nominal data
Median (middle score/value) appropriate for non–nominal data
The Mode (Most frequently occurring score) used for categorical data

57
Q

What is sampling error?

A

The difference between the sample statistic and the population statistic

58
Q

How do you calculate the range?

A

(Highest score – lowest score) sensitive to outliers

59
Q

What is the Interquartile range?

A

Distance between the upper (third) and lower (first) quartile in a set of data.

60
Q

What is Standard Deviation?

A

An estimate of the average deviation of the scores from the mean. Indicator of how close the scores are clustered to the mean

61
Q

What is an Interview?

A

“A verbal exchange in which one person (the interviewer), attempts to acquire information and gain an understanding from another person (the interviewee)”

62
Q

Composition of a Structured Interview?

A

Used to collect quantitative data
Standardized and Closed questions

63
Q

An overt obsevation is when…

A

Participants have knowledge they are being observed
(issues with social desirability)

64
Q

A covert obsevation is when…

A

Participants don’t have knowledge they are being observed
(e.g., informed consent, deception, privacy)

65
Q

Sample mean =

A

mean of your sample (a subset of the population)

66
Q

Population mean =

A

Mean in the population

67
Q

Kurtosis is…

A

A measure of peak and flatness, or steep and shallowness

(BSc) Sports and Exercise Psychology (Lboro) (5 decks)

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