Psychology of the Early Years Flashcards
What are Social Cognitions?
cognitive processes and structures that influence and are influenced by social behaviour
Two features of Asch’s configural model
Central and Peripheral traits
What are Schemas?
(A cognitive structure) set of interrelated cognitions, such as thoughts, attitudes, or beliefs.
What are Implicit personality theories?
Certain characteristics go together to form specific types of personality
Name 5 types of schemas?
Person, Role, Event, Content-free, Self-schemas
What is meant by availability heuristics?
The frequency or likelihood of an event is based on how quickly instances or associations come to mind
What is meant by Anchoring and Adjustment
inferences are tied to initial standards or schemas
What is Representativeness?
Instances are assigned to categories or types of the basis of overall similarity or resemblance to the category
What is a prototype
A cognitive representation of the typical/ideal defining features of a category
What are Stereotypes?
Widely shared and simplified evaluative image of a social group and its members.
What is meant by Attributions
How we explain our own behaviour and the behaviour of other
What are key features of The Theory of Naive Psychology – Heider (1958) [3]
- Focuses on peoples naïve and common sense
- We identify stable and enduring properties of the world (consider personality and situational variables)
- We differentiate between personal (internal) and environmental (external) causalities.
What are key features of The Covariation Model – Kelley (1967) [Definition + 3]
People are like scientists: identify a factor that covaries with behaviour, they assign a causal role
- consistency (high/low)
- distinctiveness (high/low)
- consensus (high/low)
What are key features of Attributional Theory – Weiner (1979, 1984, 1985) [Definition + 3]
Success or failure on a task leads us to make an attribution (explanation) based upon three performance dimensions:
– Stability (success/failure is fairly permanent or unstable)
– Locus of causality (factor is external/internal to the individual)
– Controllability (factor is/is not under individual’s control).
What are key factors of Attributional bias [5]
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
Focus of attention
Differential Forgetting
Cultural differences
Linguistics
What is Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)?
The over emphasis of an individual’s personal factors and underestimation of situational factors of others
What is Focus of attention? (attribution bias) [2]
Disposition attribution (overlook the situations that people are in, and judge their behaviour based on what we assume is their personality) vs Situation attribution (tendency to analyse a person’s actions according to the situation that they are in)
What is Differential Forgetting?
Situational Causes maybe forgotten more easily than Distortional Causes
What is Actor-Observer effect
People make different attributions of behaviour depending on whether they are observing or performing the behaviour
What is Correspondence bias?
Tendency to draw inferences about a person’s unique and enduring dispositions from behaviours that can be entirely explained by the situations in which they occur
What are causes of Correspondence bias?
- Lack of awareness
- Unrealistic expectations
- Inflated categorisations of behaviour
- Incomplete corrections of dispositional interferences
What is meant by a Self-Serving bias?
Distortions that protect our self-esteem and self-concept (ego-serving). The individual attributes positives to internal factors and blame environment for failure.
What is meant by Self-Handicapping?
Proactively avoiding threats to one’s self-esteem via any action or choice of performance setting that enhances the opportunity to externalise (excuse) failure and to internalise (reasonably accept credit) success
What is The Just-world phenomenon?
The tendency to believe that world is a just place = people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
What is the Ultimate FAE?
The UAE is just the FAE, applied to group-level processes
What are Inter group attributions?
Causes of behaviour depending on group membership
Stages of Child Development (general) [5]
Prenatal
Infancy
Preschool/Early childhood
Middle childhood
Adolescence
What are the stages of development in Piaget stage theory
Sensori-motor
Pre-operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Charecteristics of the Sensori-motor stage [5]
Duration: Birth - 18 months/2 years (approx.)
Leaning through senses and reflexes
Manipulate materials
Thought and language begins
Object permeance is understood < 9 months old +
Characteristics of the Pre-operational stage [5]
Duration: 18/24 months - 7 years
Ideas based on perception
Overgeneralize based on limited experiences
Centration: focus on one variable at a time
Lack social cognition
Characteristics of the Concrete operational stage [5]
Duration: 7/8 years - 11/12 years
Form ideas based on reasoning
Limited thinking to objects and familiar events
Decentration: more flexible thinking
Reversibility
Characteristics of the Formal operational stage [5]
Duration: 11/12 years +
Think conceptually
Think hypothetically
Abstract thought and reasoning
Advanced problem solving
