Research Questions & Design

Question 1

What is the 8 criteria for quantitative research?

Answer 1

1. Define the problem 2. Develop the research question a) Developing specific research objectives (aims) b) Developing hypotheses Create a research design 4. Choose methods a) Sample b) Measures 5. Selecting analytical methods 6. Implementation 7. Analysis & Interpretation 8. Reporting

Question 2

What are the two types of reasoning when defining the problem?

Answer 2

Deductive Reasoning = From generic to specific eg. All graduate students hate Statistics. You all are Kinesiology graduate students. Therefore, you all hate Statistics Inductive Reasoning =From specific to generic ou all hate Statistics. eg.Since you are all graduate students, then all graduate students must hate Statistics.

Question 3

What is the criteria when defining a research question? ( (step 2, acronym)

Answer 3

F.I.N.E.R Criteria Feasible - time, access to sample, expertise, $$$ Interesting - to discipline, field, society  Novel - confirms theory/model, refutes theory/model, adds to existing knowledge Ethical - Risk vs. Reward Relevant -scientific knowledge, academia, clinical translation

Question 4

WHat is the acronym used to frame your research question?

Answer 4

PICOT Population (sample, accessible, target) Intervention/Exposure Comparison Outcome (dependant variable) (Timing)

Question 5

A _____ or _____does not have to involve an active manipulation but a _____ does

Answer 5

intervention (or exposure), control Control: Cause vs effect,.(control for (all) extraneous variables and systematically manipulate the independent variable) vs. Casual relationship

Question 6

What are the 3 types of research questions and give examples

Answer 6

Difference Research Question - Is the outcome of interest different depending on the intervention (exposure)/comparator of interest within the population of interest? (Exposure/intervention &control) Association Research Question - Is there an association between the exposure of interest and the outcome within the population of interest? (exposure only) Descriptive Research Question - How frequent (or severe) is the outcome of interest in the population of interest? (No exposure/intervention)

Question 7

What are the two types of hypotheses?

Answer 7

Directional research hypothesis
Predicts positive or negative relationship,

Non-directional research hypothesis

Predicts relationship, change, or difference but not specify direction

Question 8

SLIDE 33, matching the appropriate research design based on the question

Answer 8

SLIDE 33, matching the appropriate research design based on the question

Question 9

What is the acronym for when choosing research design?

Answer 9

PIRCP (People in Russia Cant Poop)

Prevalence = Cross-sectional

Incidence = Cohort

Risk factor = Cohort

Causation = RCT/Experimental

Prognosis = Cohort

Question 10

Explain the differences between qualitative and quantitative research design

Answer 10

Question 11

What is validity and what are the two types?

Answer 11

Do your results truly represent the phenomenon your claim to measure?

Internal Validity
- Confidence that outcome observed in dependent variable was due to independent variable

External Validity

• Extent to which your findings generalize to your population of interest (other groups or contexts)

Question 12

What are the 3 types of Observational Designs?

Answer 12

Cross-sectional, cohort, case-control

Question 13

What is cross-sectional, what is its uses, advantages, and disadvantages

Answer 13

• Recruitment is based upon population
• Each individual represents a snapshot in time

Uses: descriptive, prevalence, association, difference research questions

Advantages: Relatively quick & inexpensive

Disadvantages: Weak evidence for causation as time-dependency is unknown (don’t know which came first), confounding

Question 14

What is a cohort study, what is its uses, advantages, and disadvantages

Answer 14

• Recruited is based on population
• Measured longitudinally (over time)

Uses: Incidence, prognosis, identification of risk factors

Advantage: Demonstrates time- dependency, can infer population relative risk, understand change over time

Disadvantages: Poor detection of rare diseases, confounding

Question 15

What is a case-control study, what is its uses, advantages, and disadvantages

Answer 15

• Recruited by the outcome (case/not case)
• Measured cross-sectionally or longitudinally

Uses: association, differences research questions (risk factors, outcomes)

Advantage: High concentration of cases (good for rare diseases)

Disadvantage:
Sample (selection) bias Recall bias (cross-sectional) Confounding

Question 16

What is a confounding variable?

Answer 16

A variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a spurious association

Question 17

What are the 3 types of experimentl designs and exampls of each?

Answer 17

True Experimental designs (2)

• post-test only
• pre-post test w/ randomization

Quasi Experimental Designs (3)

• pre-post test – non-random assignment
• repeated measures design (2 types)

Pre Experimental Designs (3)

• one group pre and post test
• one-shot design
• static group comparison design

Question 18

Characteristics of the true experimental design (post-test only, pre-post test w/ randomization)

Answer 18

True experiment: Have both a Control group & Random Assignment to groups

Question 19

Characteristics of the quasi-experimental designs (pre-post test - non-random design, repeated measures [individual serves as a control], repeated measures [Multiple pre-post measures] )

Answer 19

They all have either a Control group OR Random Assignment to groups (not both)

Question 20

Characteristics of the pre-experimental designs (one group pre and post-test, one-shot design, static group comparison)

Answer 20

Characterized by absence of a true Control group & Random Assignment to groups

For static, since the control group is random:

• Control group is not actually controlling, waste of resources