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Research Paradigms Flashcards

1
Q

What is research?

A

Systematic investigation that involves studying materials and sources to reach new conclusions and establish facts

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2
Q

What involves the movement from what is known to what is unknown

A

Research

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3
Q

Mention the 7 steps to research

A

Observation
Question
Research (literary evidence to support the hypothesis)
Hypothesis (educated guess with literary support)
Experiments
recording
Analysis
Conclusion

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4
Q

Difference between methods and ,methodologies used in research

A

Methods- the techniques and methods used to conduct the research

Methodology- how the experiment is done, a logical explanation behind each step, explains the means that led to certain results

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5
Q

What is the scientific method

A

Research question
Background research
Form hypothesis
Test hypothesis
Analyze data
Create conclusion

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6
Q

What are the 4 Research objectives

A

Exploratory research/formulative
Descriptive
Diagnostic
Hypothesis testing

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7
Q

What type of research involves trying to gain new insights/ familiarity from an established phenomenon

A

Exploratory/ formulative

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8
Q

What research seeks to portray the characteristics of a particular individual or group

A

Descriptive research

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9
Q

What type of research aims to describe how often something occurs and how it is associated to something else

A

Diagnostic research

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10
Q

What research seeks to test a causal relationship between two variables

A

Hypothesis testing

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11
Q

What is theory

A

Explanation for an observed pattern or regularity

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12
Q

Component of theory

A

Definition
Description
Relational statements

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13
Q

Describe deterministic and probabilistic with respect to relational statements as a component of theory

A

Deterministic- relationship between the two variables are inevitable, both are related to each other in a particular way

Probabilistic- the two variables are not completely related to each other, there maybe a relationship between the two but its association to the other wont give an exact conclusive result in every case

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14
Q

Relationship between theory and research

A

Theory guides research- established theory used to guide a research or new theory may arise from the analysis and collection of data during research

Research can test theory-collection and analysis of data being used to test theories/ hypothesis

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15
Q

What approach of theory and research is most common in natural science and social research

A

Deductive methods

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16
Q

What is the deductive method

A

Research start by coming up with a theory to explain a phenomenon after doing research and creating a hypothesis, testing and the results, if they didn’t support the hypothesis, the theory can be rejected or revised

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17
Q

Inductive approach involves

A

Theories are the outcome of research
Gather and examine data
Create a theory based on results observed

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18
Q

What approach deductive or inductive involves testing a theory and gathering information to create a theory

A

Deductive
Inductive

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19
Q

Grounded theory is

A

Theory derived from qualitative research

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20
Q

What is epistemological considerations

A

A way of explaining why we know the things we know
We try to know what knowledge is and how we came about that knowledge

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21
Q

Epistemological considerations can be done by which of the following research orientations

A

Quantitative and qualitative

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22
Q

What are the paradigms of epistemology

A

Positivism
Interpretivism
Critical approach

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23
Q

What is Positivism?

A

It follows natural science- natural science is the explanation of the physical world, what our senses can visible, audibly interpret
Uses principle of empiricism- that knowledge is derived from the senses, because I saw (sight) a cat i can study to know more about it
Can be used to test knowledge (deduction) or create new knowledge (induction)

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24
Q

Why is positivism considered value free in relation to science
How does that relate to objectivity

A

Value free- it is not judgmental nor biased, because regardless of of the researchers that conduct the same research would reach a similar conclusion
Objectivity considers that research done by a researchers is not biased or influenced by someone else

Science was formerly objective

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25
How does positivity relate to intersubjectivity
Science is although objective before is now often having results that are influence and by someone else for example, i play with dolls because my sister loved dolls
26
Why is scientific statements of importance in positivism
They clearly define how and why certain phenomena operate the way they do
27
What is a critique of positivism
Interpretivism
28
What is your understanding of positivism
The fact that the world has a certain order, to which we can understand and gain knowledge from based on empiricism. What we see, hear, say, smell can be explained, understood and therefore studied which would give similar results regardless of the researcher and is not subject to bias but currently these studies are intersubjective as they are subject to bias since the researcher maybe influenced
29
Interpretivism?
Understanding based on the subjective views of the people being studied
30
Who are social actors
People being studied in a research
31
What branch of epistemology involves empathetic understanding?
Interpretivism- the researcher tries to understand the study based on the point of view, feelings, thoughts of the social actors
32
What does it mean to be value neutral
For a research to not be biased
33
Define epistemology in relation to a critical approach to social science
These researchers use variety of methods too carry out research, could be deductive or inductive
34
What approach to the epistemology study of social science is not value neutral
Critical approaches, meaning that the result of research is subject to bias because of the researchers opinion
35
What are the two research orientations
Quantitative and qualitative
36
What does qualitative research involve
Nonumeric approach to data collection and analysis research
37
Quantitative research?
A Numerical, statistical approach data collection and analysis
38
What are the advantages of qualitative research
The perspective, views and voice of the people is emphasized It is more story driven The researchers views are not applicable
39
Disadvantage of qualitative data
Less people to study Soft data that do not involve numbers Limited generalizability because less people are studied Highly interpretive- because it’s the opinions of the participants Less researchers expertise is used
40
Advantages of quantitative
Large number of people studied Control of bias Good data analysis Shows the relationship Explain cause and effect
41
Disadvantages of quantitative
The options of the researcher is highly used Less impersonal and less about the opinions, context of the participants
42
Constructivism
Reality is the product of practices that social factors have influenced Our perception of the truth influences what we think and what we know, humans perception of the truth/ social reality is constantly changing as they are influenced by other social factors
43
Objectivism
Social phenomena/ truth/ reality exist independent of the social actors. For example, the earth rotators around the sun, no human influence can change this phenomena. It would continue till the end of time
44
What is the study of being
Ontology
45
Ontology?
Study of being, existence, reality The characteristics, history, origins, what can be observed Examine the characteristics of the data and uses that as the basis of the structure data
46
What research consideration answers the questions of what?
Ontology
47
What is the epistemology, ontology orientation and role of theory of quantitative and qualitative research strategies
Quantitative- deductive ( test theory ) positivism, objectivism Qualitative- inductive ( create theory) constructivism, Interpretivism
48
What is mixed method approach
Utilizing both quantitate and qualitative methods in a study to answer the same research question
49
What is the third methodological movement in social behavioral science
Mixed method approach
50
When is a research considered mixed approach
It is considered mixed approach when there is a link between quantitative and qualitative Even though there might be a qualitative and quantitative methods in a study if they are not linked or connected within the same research it is not considered mixed
51
A research methodology that involves collecting, analyzing both quantitative and qualitative in a single or longitudinal study is called
Mixed method
52
Between mixed, qualitative and quantitative which provides a better understanding of research problems
Mixed method it provides a better understanding of research problems than either approach alone
53
What research method has a predetermined method, instrument based, census based, observational and involves a statistical analysis and interpretation
Quantitative
54
What research method involves emerging methods, open ended questions, interview, audio visual data, image and text analysis and themes and patterns interpretation
Qualitative methods
55
What are some of the qualities of mixed methods
Pre determined and emerging methods Open ended and close ended questions Statistical and text analysis Across database interpretation Multiple forms of data drawing possiblites
56
What are the mixed methods design examples
Convergent design Explanatory Exploratory
57
What is convergent design
Doing research quantitatively and qualitatively separately and bringing the results toghether, making a comparison and making and interpretation based on the results
58
What is explanatory sequential design
After carrying out a quantitative research in order to give meaning to the statistical data we further explain the results by doing a qualitative analysis Giving meaning to numbers Explain numbers
59
What is exploratory sequential design
Giving structure and statistical analysis to a story Using quantitative approach to interpretation a qualitative result
60
What contributes to a researchers bias
Topic choice Formulating a research question Type of research method used Data collection analysis and interpretation
61
What is reflexivity
Researchers awareness that their values and opinions influences their research
62
Why should personal biases be made more explicit
Because the researchers opinions would affect the conclusion of the research, they should express reflexively, research no matter what happens is not value free
63
What are the 3 different positions on values in social research
Value free- make no judgements comment regardless of your stance Research cannot be value free but researchers should be explicit a list their bias Value commitment - researchers should use their values to direct and interpret their investigations
64
When little or no research is done, what methodological approach is common
A qualitative approach that is exploratory
65
When a generation of theory and unstructured approach is required, what research method is used
Qualitative approach
66
What method is used when a study requires illicit subject that requires building a rapport
Qualitative
67
What should match the choice of research, orientation, design method
The research question
68
What qualities should be needed for formulating a research question.
Choice of research should match the research question Research question states the purpose of the study The form of research question should match the qualitative and quantitative orientation of the study
69
What type of research question less specific, inductive and has no hypothesis
Qualitative
70
What type of research question test casual models, deductive and narrow the research questions into a testable hypothesis
Quantitative
71
Qualities of research question
Clear Researchable Easy to establish theory Allow a researcher to contribute to knowledge Not to broad nor to narrow

HNSC 2000 (5 decks)

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