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HNSC 2000 > Research Paradigms > Flashcards

Research Paradigms Flashcards

1
Q

What is research?

A

Systematic investigation that involves studying materials and sources to reach new conclusions and establish facts

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2
Q

What involves the movement from what is known to what is unknown

A

Research

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3
Q

Mention the 7 steps to research

A

Observation
Question
Research (literary evidence to support the hypothesis)
Hypothesis (educated guess with literary support)
Experiments
recording
Analysis
Conclusion

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4
Q

Difference between methods and ,methodologies used in research

A

Methods- the techniques and methods used to conduct the research

Methodology- how the experiment is done, a logical explanation behind each step, explains the means that led to certain results

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5
Q

What is the scientific method

A

Research question
Background research
Form hypothesis
Test hypothesis
Analyze data
Create conclusion

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6
Q

What are the 4 Research objectives

A

Exploratory research/formulative
Descriptive
Diagnostic
Hypothesis testing

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7
Q

What type of research involves trying to gain new insights/ familiarity from an established phenomenon

A

Exploratory/ formulative

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8
Q

What research seeks to portray the characteristics of a particular individual or group

A

Descriptive research

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9
Q

What type of research aims to describe how often something occurs and how it is associated to something else

A

Diagnostic research

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10
Q

What research seeks to test a causal relationship between two variables

A

Hypothesis testing

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11
Q

What is theory

A

Explanation for an observed pattern or regularity

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12
Q

Component of theory

A

Definition
Description
Relational statements

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13
Q

Describe deterministic and probabilistic with respect to relational statements as a component of theory

A

Deterministic- relationship between the two variables are inevitable, both are related to each other in a particular way

Probabilistic- the two variables are not completely related to each other, there maybe a relationship between the two but its association to the other wont give an exact conclusive result in every case

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14
Q

Relationship between theory and research

A

Theory guides research- established theory used to guide a research or new theory may arise from the analysis and collection of data during research

Research can test theory-collection and analysis of data being used to test theories/ hypothesis

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15
Q

What approach of theory and research is most common in natural science and social research

A

Deductive methods

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16
Q

What is the deductive method

A

Research start by coming up with a theory to explain a phenomenon after doing research and creating a hypothesis, testing and the results, if they didn’t support the hypothesis, the theory can be rejected or revised

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17
Q

Inductive approach involves

A

Theories are the outcome of research
Gather and examine data
Create a theory based on results observed

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18
Q

What approach deductive or inductive involves testing a theory and gathering information to create a theory

A

Deductive
Inductive

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19
Q

Grounded theory is

A

Theory derived from qualitative research

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20
Q

What is epistemological considerations

A

A way of explaining why we know the things we know
We try to know what knowledge is and how we came about that knowledge

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21
Q

Epistemological considerations can be done by which of the following research orientations

A

Quantitative and qualitative

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22
Q

What are the paradigms of epistemology

A

Positivism
Interpretivism
Critical approach

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23
Q

What is Positivism?

A

It follows natural science- natural science is the explanation of the physical world, what our senses can visible, audibly interpret
Uses principle of empiricism- that knowledge is derived from the senses, because I saw (sight) a cat i can study to know more about it
Can be used to test knowledge (deduction) or create new knowledge (induction)

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24
Q

Why is positivism considered value free in relation to science
How does that relate to objectivity

A

Value free- it is not judgmental nor biased, because regardless of of the researchers that conduct the same research would reach a similar conclusion
Objectivity considers that research done by a researchers is not biased or influenced by someone else

Science was formerly objective

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25
Q

How does positivity relate to intersubjectivity

A

Science is although objective before is now often having results that are influence and by someone else
for example, i play with dolls because my sister loved dolls

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26
Q

Why is scientific statements of importance in positivism

A

They clearly define how and why certain phenomena operate the way they do

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27
Q

What is a critique of positivism

A

Interpretivism

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28
Q

What is your understanding of positivism

A

The fact that the world has a certain order, to which we can understand and gain knowledge from based on empiricism. What we see, hear, say, smell can be explained, understood and therefore studied which would give similar results regardless of the researcher and is not subject to bias but currently these studies are intersubjective as they are subject to bias since the researcher maybe influenced

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29
Q

Interpretivism?

A

Understanding based on the subjective views of the people being studied

30
Q

Who are social actors

A

People being studied in a research

31
Q

What branch of epistemology involves empathetic understanding?

A

Interpretivism- the researcher tries to understand the study based on the point of view, feelings, thoughts of the social actors

32
Q

What does it mean to be value neutral

A

For a research to not be biased

33
Q

Define epistemology in relation to a critical approach to social science

A

These researchers use variety of methods too carry out research, could be deductive or inductive

34
Q

What approach to the epistemology study of social science is not value neutral

A

Critical approaches, meaning that the result of research is subject to bias because of the researchers opinion

35
Q

What are the two research orientations

A

Quantitative and qualitative

36
Q

What does qualitative research involve

A

Nonumeric approach to data collection and analysis research

37
Q

Quantitative research?

A

A Numerical, statistical approach data collection and analysis

38
Q

What are the advantages of qualitative research

A

The perspective, views and voice of the people is emphasized
It is more story driven
The researchers views are not applicable

39
Q

Disadvantage of qualitative data

A

Less people to study
Soft data that do not involve numbers
Limited generalizability because less people are studied
Highly interpretive- because it’s the opinions of the participants
Less researchers expertise is used

40
Q

Advantages of quantitative

A

Large number of people studied
Control of bias
Good data analysis
Shows the relationship
Explain cause and effect

41
Q

Disadvantages of quantitative

A

The options of the researcher is highly used
Less impersonal and less about the opinions, context of the participants

42
Q

Constructivism

A

Reality is the product of practices that social factors have influenced

Our perception of the truth influences what we think and what we know,
humans perception of the truth/ social reality is constantly changing as they are influenced by other social factors

43
Q

Objectivism

A

Social phenomena/ truth/ reality exist independent of the social actors.
For example, the earth rotators around the sun, no human influence can change this phenomena. It would continue till the end of time

44
Q

What is the study of being

A

Ontology

45
Q

Ontology?

A

Study of being, existence, reality
The characteristics, history, origins, what can be observed

Examine the characteristics of the data and uses that as the basis of the structure data

46
Q

What research consideration answers the questions of what?

A

Ontology

47
Q

What is the epistemology, ontology orientation and role of theory of quantitative and qualitative research strategies

A

Quantitative- deductive ( test theory ) positivism, objectivism

Qualitative- inductive ( create theory) constructivism, Interpretivism

48
Q

What is mixed method approach

A

Utilizing both quantitate and qualitative methods in a study to answer the same research question

49
Q

What is the third methodological movement in social behavioral science

A

Mixed method approach

50
Q

When is a research considered mixed approach

A

It is considered mixed approach when there is a link between quantitative and qualitative
Even though there might be a qualitative and quantitative methods in a study if they are not linked or connected within the same research it is not considered mixed

51
Q

A research methodology that involves collecting, analyzing both quantitative and qualitative in a single or longitudinal study is called

A

Mixed method

52
Q

Between mixed, qualitative and quantitative which provides a better understanding of research problems

A

Mixed method it provides a better understanding of research problems than either approach alone

53
Q

What research method has a predetermined method, instrument based, census based, observational and involves a statistical analysis and interpretation

A

Quantitative

54
Q

What research method involves emerging methods, open ended questions, interview, audio visual data, image and text analysis and themes and patterns interpretation

A

Qualitative methods

55
Q

What are some of the qualities of mixed methods

A

Pre determined and emerging methods
Open ended and close ended questions
Statistical and text analysis
Across database interpretation
Multiple forms of data drawing possiblites

56
Q

What are the mixed methods design examples

A

Convergent design
Explanatory
Exploratory

57
Q

What is convergent design

A

Doing research quantitatively and qualitatively separately and bringing the results toghether, making a comparison and making and interpretation based on the results

58
Q

What is explanatory sequential design

A

After carrying out a quantitative research in order to give meaning to the statistical data we further explain the results by doing a qualitative analysis
Giving meaning to numbers
Explain numbers

59
Q

What is exploratory sequential design

A

Giving structure and statistical analysis to a story
Using quantitative approach to interpretation a qualitative result

60
Q

What contributes to a researchers bias

A

Topic choice
Formulating a research question
Type of research method used
Data collection analysis and interpretation

61
Q

What is reflexivity

A

Researchers awareness that their values and opinions influences their research

62
Q

Why should personal biases be made more explicit

A

Because the researchers opinions would affect the conclusion of the research, they should express reflexively, research no matter what happens is not value free

63
Q

What are the 3 different positions on values in social research

A

Value free- make no judgements comment regardless of your stance
Research cannot be value free but researchers should be explicit a list their bias
Value commitment - researchers should use their values to direct and interpret their investigations

64
Q

When little or no research is done, what methodological approach is common

A

A qualitative approach that is exploratory

65
Q

When a generation of theory and unstructured approach is required, what research method is used

A

Qualitative approach

66
Q

What method is used when a study requires illicit subject that requires building a rapport

A

Qualitative

67
Q

What should match the choice of research, orientation, design method

A

The research question

68
Q

What qualities should be needed for formulating a research question.

A

Choice of research should match the research question
Research question states the purpose of the study
The form of research question should match the qualitative and quantitative orientation of the study

69
Q

What type of research question less specific, inductive and has no hypothesis

A

Qualitative

70
Q

What type of research question test casual models, deductive and narrow the research questions into a testable hypothesis

A

Quantitative

71
Q

Qualities of research question

A

Clear
Researchable
Easy to establish theory
Allow a researcher to contribute to knowledge
Not to broad nor to narrow

HNSC 2000 (5 decks)

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