RESEARCH METHODS Y1 Flashcards

Question

What are ways to control participants ?

Answer 1

– screening people beforehand to ensure they have similar traits – all participants do test in same time + place – script interactions between participant + researcher – using covert observation – randomise when assigning people to conditions – standardise - use exact same instructions + procedures for all participants

Answer 2

**Laboratory experiments**= conducted in highly controlled environments **Field experiments**= independent variable is manipulated in a natural, more every day setting **Natural experiments**= where researcher takes advantage of a pre existing independent variable, experimenter cannot manipulate IV as it naturally occurs **Quasi experiments**= independent variable based on an existing difference between people (age gender race )

Answer 3

😁 - have high control of extraneous variables; ensures IV alone is affecting DV - can be more easily replicated 😞 - may lack generalisability; lab environments may not reflect everyday life + may affect participant behaviour - participants are usually aware they’re being tested, doesn’t reflect reality + may cause unnatural behaviours

Answer 4

😁 -have higher mundane realism than lab experiments; may produce more valid and authentic behaviour - participants are often unaware of being studied; high external validity 😞 - less control of extraneous variables, cause + effect between IV + DV may be harder to establish - ethical issues; participants are unaware and so cannot consent

Answer 5

😁 - provide opportunities to investigate research that may not otherwise eg unethical or impractical -often high external validity as they involve real life issues 😞 - may happen very rarely, limits ability to generalise -participants aren’t always randomly allocated to experimental conditions, may be unsure IV affected DV

Answer 6

😁 - often carried out in controlled conditions + share strengths of lab experiments 😞 - cannot randomly allocate participants to conditions: may be confounding variables

Answer 7

Positive - as A increases, B also increased No correlation - no association Negative - As B increases, B decreases

Answer 8

💪 ~ shows relationship between 2 variables, may be used as basis for further research ~ can be tested for reliability as it is quantitative data ~quick + cheap to carry out 😞 ~correlations can be misused + misinterpreted ~ only tells us HOW variables are lated and not WHY = no causation ~ third variable problem - another unaccounted for variable could be causing the relationship

Answer 9

💧 DRIPP **D**eception - deliberately misleading participants in some way -> if used researcher must debrief participants thoroughly **R**ight to withdraw - all participants should know they can and how to withdraw from a study - data will also be removed + can leave partway through **I**nformed consent - participants should know as much as possible about procedure before they agree to it -> also should be aware of the aims and rights **P**rotection from harm - participants should be left in the same state as they entered the experiment; should not be subject to psychological or physical harm **P**rivacy - confidentiality should be ensured by removing names and any identifying details; researchers also shouldn’t observe people in situations w an expectation of privacy

Answer 10

Peer review is when anonymous peers (experts) check the quality of a research proposal or paper before it is published > to allocate funding to ideas put forward for potential research > to check quality of a research paper before publication

Answer 11

- purpose - will this further scientific knowledge? - is the method valid? - are results likely to tell us something new? - is the proposed method ethical? - how light findings be potentially beneficial to the economy

Answer 12

A small scale trial run ahead of the actual investigation to identify any issues and modify the design or procedure > saves time + money

Answer 13

Single - where any information that might create expectations for the participants is withheld until the end ; reduces confounding effects of demand characteristics Double - where neither participant or researcher are aware of the aims, conditions, etc. ; both parties expectations will not affect experiment

Answer 14

Nominal data - named data that can be separated into discrete categories Ordinal data - data placed in an order/scale (e.g 1-10), not fixed so is subjective Interval data - numerical data where difference between points is fixed (e.g a ruler) so is objective

Answer 15

A measure of how far scored deviate from the mean

Answer 16

*Normal* distribution is a symmetrical ‘bell shaped’ curve, where most people are located in the middle area w few on the sides - mean, median + mode = all in middle *Skewed* distribution - when the distributions appears to lean towards one side (positive = leaning towards the left, negative = leaning towards the right), mode + median stay at highest peak but the mean is dragged towards the tail

Answer 17

1) convert data to nominal data -> put a **+** if value A is higher and a **–** if value B is higher, ignore = 2) add up the number of pluses and minuses 3) the **S** value or calculated number is the lower value 4) next find the critical value from the given table, using N (total number of participants excluding =) , and level of significance (.05 for directional) 5) For the results to be significant the S value must be > or = the critical value

Answer 18

Answer 19

Chi-squared, sign test, chi-squared, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, Spearman’s rho, Unrelated T-test, Related T-test, Pearson’s r

Answer 20

Unrelated (independent groups) or related (RM and MP); nominal, ordinal or interval data; correlation or test the difference