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Pyschology > Research Methods - Paper 2 > Flashcards

Research Methods - Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an experimental method?

A

Involves the manipulation of an independent variable to measure the effect on a dependent variable

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2
Q

What is the aim

A

A general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate, the purpose of the study

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3
Q

What is the hypothesis

A

A clear and precise statement that states the relationship between the variables to be investigated.

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4
Q

What is a directional hypothesis

A

States the direction of the difference of relationship (“the green skittle will have the least favourite”)

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5
Q

What is a non directional hypothesis

A

Does not state the direction of difference or relationship

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6
Q

What is a variable

A

Anything that can vary or change within an investigation

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7
Q

What does operationalisation means

A

Clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured

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8
Q

What is a extraneous variable

A

Any variable other than the independent variable which may affect the dependent variable if it is not controlled. Also known as nuisance variable

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9
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

A kind of EV but the key feature is that a confounding variable varies systematically with the IV. Therefore we can’t talk if any change in DV is due to the IV or the Confounding variable.

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10
Q

What is a demand characteristic

A

Any cue from the researcher or from the research situation that may be interpreted by participants as revealing the purpose of an investigation. This may lead to a participants changing their behaviour within a research situation.

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11
Q

What is investigator effects

A

Any effect the investigators behaviour (conscious or unconscious) on the research outcome the DV. This may include everything from the design of the study to the selection of and interaction which participants during research process.

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12
Q

What is randomisation

A

The use of chanced methods to control for the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding the order of experimental condition

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13
Q

What is standardisation

A

Using exactly the same formalised procedures and instructions for all participants in a research study.

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14
Q

What type of experiment coukd control and extraneous variable?

A

Lab experiment

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15
Q

Quasi Experiment

A

Independent Variable already exists

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16
Q

What is Opportunity Sampling

A

non-random method of selecting participants for a study by choosing individuals who are readily available or convenient for the researcher, rather than using a random or systematic approach.

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17
Q

What is a natural experiment

A

researchers study the effects of naturally occurring events or conditions on people or groups, without deliberately manipulating variables. It allows for the observation of real-world situations that cannot be ethically or practically created in a controlled setting.

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18
Q

2 Features that take place in a Natural Experiment

A

Independent variable is not controlled
Researcher sees how it impacts the DV

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19
Q

What is a pilot study

A

small-scale research study conducted before the main research project to test and refine research methods, questionnaires, or procedures, and to identify potential issues or challenges.

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20
Q

Aims of Piloting

A
  • To see if the Procedure is right
  • Instructions correct
  • Design
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21
Q

What is repeated measures

A

same group of participants is used in all conditions or treatments within an experiment.

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22
Q

What is single blind

A

Participants don’t know what they are being tested on

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23
Q

What is Double Blind

A

Participant and the experimenter doesn’t know what condition they are in

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24
Q

What is systematic sampling

A

selecting participants at regular intervals from a larger population, following a specific pattern or system.

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25
Q

What is volunteer sampling

A

Chance method of Participants ask to join the research

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26
Q

What is counterbalancing

A

involves varying the order in which different conditions or treatments are presented to participants to ensure that the impact of these order effects is evenly distributed across the study, reducing potential biases.

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27
Q

What is a field experiment

A

This allows researchers to study behavior and phenomena in more natural and ecologically valid conditions.

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28
Q

3 features that take place in a Field Experiment

A

Controls the IV
Participants are randomly allocated
Real-world setting

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29
Q

What is a independent group

A

participants are divided into different groups, and each group is exposed to a different condition or treatment.

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30
Q

What is a laboratory experiment

A

All the other variables are controlled - in a controlled setting

31
Q

3 features that take place in a lab experiment

A

Controlled Environment
Controls the IV
Participants are randomly allocated to the conditions

32
Q

What is matched pairs

A

participant is closely paired with another based on similar characteristics (e.g., age, gender, IQ) to create two comparable groups

33
Q

Strengths of Independent Groups

A

Less Likely to guess the aim of the study (prevents demand characteristics)
- Prevents Order Effects

34
Q

What are order effects?

A

Performance in the second condition may be better because the participants know what to do (i.e., practice effect). Or their performance might be worse in the second condition because they are tired (i.e., fatigue effect).

35
Q

Limitation of Independent Groups

A
  • Need more participants
  • Less efficient needs more money
  • Hard to compare (participant variables)
36
Q

Strengths of repeated measures

A
  • Fewer Participants
  • Less money needed
  • No participant variables
37
Q

Limitations of repeated measures

A
  • More likely to guess the aim
  • Order effects ( counterbalancing)
38
Q

Strengths of Matched Pairs

A
  • No Order Effects
  • Tries to reduce Participant Variables
39
Q

Limitations of Matched Pairs

A

It takes ages to find the match and can be a difficult process

40
Q

What is Random Allocation

A

Chance methods to pick who does what experiment

41
Q

What is Social Facilitation Theory

A

The presence of others may improves individual task performances

42
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Research Method in which psychologists record behavior in a natural behavior, without any attempt to manipulate or control the situation. Aim to study behavior as it occurs spontaneously. (Real Life situation)

43
Q

Controlled Observation

A

Researchers carefully manipulate and control the conditions under which observations are made. Allows for precise study of specific variables while maintaining control over potential confounding factors.

44
Q

Overt Observation

A

Form of Observation in which subjects or participants are aware that they are being watched.

45
Q

Covert Observation

A

Subjects or participants are not aware that they are being watched. This is done to stop influencing the subject’s behavior.

46
Q

Participant Observation

A

Researchers actively take part in the activities of the groups or individuals being studied. Usually involves immersing oneself in the culture of the environment under investigation to gain deeper understanding.

47
Q

Nonparticipant observation:

A

Researchers remain separate from the subjects or groups being observed. The researcher does not actively participate in the activities but rather observes from a distance.

48
Q

Structured observation:

A

Researchers use a predetermined set of specific criteria or a structured observation schedule to systematically record behavior. Allows for consistency and comparability in observations across different cases. `

49
Q

Unstructured observation:

A

Involves collecting data without a pre-defined checklist. Researchers use a more flexible approach to observe and record whatever seems relevant to the research question.

50
Q

Event sampling:

A

Observational method where researchers record specific events or behavior or events when given a time frame.

51
Q

Sign Testing

A

Used the test to analyse the different scores between related items

52
Q

peer review

A

The assessment of scientific work people who are specialists in the same field

53
Q

Correlation

A

A mathematical technique in which a researcher invedigated an association between two variables,es called co-variables

54
Q

Co- variables

A

The variables investigated within a correlation, for example height and weight. They are not referred to as the independent and dependent variables because a correlation investigates the association between the variables, rather than trying to show a cause-and-effect relationship

55
Q

Positive correlation

A

As one co-variable increases so does the other. For example, the number of people in a room and noise tend to be positively correlated.

56
Q

Negative Correlation

A

As one co-variable increases the other decreases. For example, the number of people in a room and amount of personal space tend to be negatively correlated.

57
Q

Zero Correlation

A

When there is no relationship between the co-variables. For example, the association between the number of people in a room in Manchester and the total daily rainfall in Peru is likely to be zero.

58
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data that is expressed in words and non-numerical (although qualitative data may be converted to numbers for the purposes of analysis).

59
Q

Quantitive

A

Data that can be counted, usually given as numbers.

60
Q

Primary Data

A

Information that has been obtained first-hand by a researcher for the purposes of a research project. In psychology, such data is often gathered directly from participants as part of an experiment, self-report or observation.

61
Q

Secondary data

A

Information that has already been collected by someone else and so pre-dates the current research project. In psychology, such data might include the work of other psychologists or government statistics.

62
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

The use of graphs, tables and summary statistics to identify trends and analyse sets of data

63
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

The general term for any measure of the average value in a set of data.

64
Q

Mean

A

Average by adding all the numbers and dividing by how many numbers

65
Q

Median

A

When a value in a data set are arranged lowest to highest

66
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent item in a data set

67
Q

Measures of dispersion

A

General term for any measure of spread or variation in a set of scores

68
Q

Range

A

Calculation worked out thr dispersion in a set of scores.

69
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measure of dispersion in a set of scores.

70
Q

Meta Analysis

A

The process of combining the findings from a number of studies on a particular topic. Aim is too produce a overall statistical conclusion

71
Q

What are the 3Ds and what do they find?

A

Data, Design and difference

72
Q

normal distribution

A

An arrangement of data that is symmetrical and forms a pattern in which the mean, median and/or mode falls in the centre

73
Q
A

Pyschology (6 decks)

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