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Pyschology > Approaches in Psychology - Paper 2 > Flashcards

Approaches in Psychology - Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Behaviourist approach

A

A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning

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2
Q

Classic Conditioning

A

Learning by association, a natural stimulus beings to elicit a conditioned response

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3
Q

A study which shows classsic conditioning

A

Pavlov’s dogs

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4
Q

What happened in the Pavlov dogs study

A

Food made a dog salivate
Bell created no response
Bell + food made the dog salivate
bell on its own made the dog salivate

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5
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

a normal item which makes a response

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6
Q

what is an unconditioned response?

A

a natural response to a item

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7
Q

what is a neutral stimulus

A

a item which has no response

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8
Q

what is a conditioned stimulus

A

a item which has created response through conditioning

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9
Q

what is a conditioned response

A

a response which has been created through conditioning

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10
Q

Operant conditioning

A

a form of learning in which its behaviour is created from consequences

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11
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

recieving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed. Eg. praise from a teacher

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12
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

occurs when a person avoids something unpleasant, and the outcome is positive. eg. handing in an essay to not get told of from a teacher

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13
Q

Punishment

A

An unpleasant consquence of behaviour. Eg. being shouted at

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14
Q

reinforcement

A

a consquence of a behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated

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15
Q

The skinner box

A

Researcher skinner conducted an experiment with rats. Everytime the rat activated a lever in the box it was rewarded with food.

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16
Q

What kind of reinforcement is the skinner box

A

positive reinforcement

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17
Q

Ethical probelms with the Skinner box

A

Animals were in a cramped conditions and underfed to make it easier to repeat the experiment
Did not consent to take part

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18
Q

Strength of the behaviorist approach

A

based on well controlled research. Behaviorists focus on the measurement of observable behavior’s.

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19
Q

Counterpoints of the behaviorist approach

A

May of oversimplified the learning approach

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20
Q

What is environmental determinism - Biological Approach

A

One limitation is that the approach is that it sees as all behaviour is conditioned by past conditioning experiences. Ignores the idea of free will

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21
Q

Social learning theory

A

A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement. Such as observation and imitation

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22
Q

Imitation

A

Copying the behaviour of others

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23
Q

Identification

A

See ourselves as similar (background, age and gender) You are more likely to imitate someone you see as similar

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24
Q

Modelling

A

Observer perspective modelling is imitating the behaviour of a role model. Modelling is the precise demonstration if a specific behaviour.

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25
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced by a behaviour

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26
Q

Mediational processes

A

cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response

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27
Q

what are the 4 mediational processes

A

Attention
Retention
Motor production
Motivation

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28
Q
  1. Attention - Meditational Processes
A

noticing the behaviours and consequences

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29
Q
  1. retention
A

remembering the behaviour and consequences

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30
Q
  1. motor reproduction
A

being able to carry out the behaviour

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31
Q
  1. motivation
A

wanting to imitate the behaviour (depending on if the behaviour was reinforced or not)

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32
Q

What was the aim of Bandura bobo doll study

A

If social behaviours can be acquired by observation and imitation in children.

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33
Q

Procedure of the Bandura bobo doll study

A
  • Lab experiment
  • Independent’s variable is the type of model
  • aggressive model attacks the bobo doll to 24 children (12 girls, 12 boys)
    • Doll is thrown into the
      air and hit
  • non aggressive model plays with the toys nicely to 24 children
  • control group with no model
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34
Q

Findings of the Bandura bobo doll study

A
  • Children with the aggressive model were aggressive to the bobo doll.
  • Children with the non-aggressive model played with similar toys the model played with
  • Boys were more psyscially aggressive.
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35
Q

Conclusion from the Bandura bobo doll study

A
  • Children are able to learn social behaviours such as aggression from observation learnt from watching the behaviour of another person
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36
Q

Criticisms of the Bandura bobo doll study

A
  • Low ecological validity
  • Bobo doll is bot human so this may not reflect how the treat a human
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37
Q

Positives of the Bandura bobo doll study

A

Experiment can be replicated
No gender bias

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38
Q

Social learning theory in real life

A

The restrictions of cigarette’s and alcohol adverts.
Role of the media on weight loss etc.

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39
Q

Evaluation of the SLT

A

Takes thought processes into account so is less simplistic than the behaviorist approach.

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40
Q

Cognitive approach

A

: The cognitive approach focuses on studying internal mental processes, such as thoughts, perceptions, and attention, which affect behavior

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41
Q

What are internal mental processes, and how do cognitive psychologists study them

A

efer to private operations of the mind, such as perception and attention, that mediate between stimulus and response. Cognitive psychologists study these processes indirectly by making inferences about what is happening inside people’s minds based on their observable behavior.

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42
Q

schema + an example

A

Schema are mental frameworks of beliefs and expectations developed through experience, influencing cognitive processing. For example, a schema for a chair might include the idea of something with legs that you can sit on. Schema act as a mental shortcut, allowing quick processing of information, but they may also lead to perceptual errors.

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43
Q

How do babies develop schema,

A

Babies are born with simple motor schema for innate behaviors, and as they grow older, their schema become more detailed and sophisticated.

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44
Q

Adults Schema

A

. Adults develop mental representations for a wide range of concepts, from psychology to everyday situations like going to a restaurant.

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45
Q

Inference

A

Inference is the process whereby cognitive psychologists create assumptions about the way mental processes operate based on observed behavior.

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46
Q

Theoretical Models

A

he information processing approach, to abstractly understand the flow of information through the cognitive system in stages.

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47
Q

Computer models

A

involve programming a computer to mimic human processes. Both types of models help cognitive psychologists gain insights into internal mental processes.

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48
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

study of biological structures underlying cognitive processes. It explores the relationship between brain structures and mental processes,

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49
Q

1860 Paul Brocas

A

identified that an area in the frontal lobe that was damaged and it could permanently impair speech production.

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50
Q

brain fingerprinting

A

analyzing brain wave patterns and has potential applications, such as determining the truthfulness of eyewitnesses in court.

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51
Q

strengths of the cognitive approach

A

highly controlled and rigorous study designs.
produces reliable and objective data

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52
Q

counterpoints to the cognitive approach

A

relies on interference rather than observation of behaviours.
Can be critised as being too abstract it theortical

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53
Q

Cognitive approach real world application

A

AI
Treatment of deprerssion
reliability of eye witness testimony

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54
Q

machine reductionism,

A

imitation of the cognitive approach, as it draws parallels between the human mind and the operations of a ‘thinking machine,’ like a computer

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55
Q

biological approach

A

emphasizes the influence of physical processes in the body, including genetic inheritance and neural function, on behavior.

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56
Q

Genes

A

components of chromosomes made up of DNA.

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57
Q

Neurochemistry

A

Action of chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning.

58
Q

Relationship between biology and psychology (biological approach)

A

suggests that everything psychological has a biological basis. To understand human behavior fully, it’s essential to examine biological structures and processes within the body.

59
Q

How does the biological approach view the mind in relation to the brain?

A

the mind resides in the brain. Thoughts, feelings, and behavior are seen to have a physical basis in the brain, unlike approaches such as cognitive psychology that consider mental processes as separate from the physical brain.

60
Q

difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

refers to a person’s actual genetic makeup,

phenotype - how genes are expressed through physical, behavioral, and psychological characteristics.

61
Q

does evolution play a role in the biological approach to behavior

A

Charles darwin theory of evolution

Genetically determined behaviors that enhance an individual’s survival and reproduction continue in future generations through natural selection.

62
Q

nature vs. nurture

A

efers to the interaction between inherited factors (nature, like genetics) and environmental influences (nurture). T

63
Q

Imbalance of neurochemicals can create what? and give examples

A

Mental health disorders
such as low serotonin levels in OCD or overproduction of dopamine in schizophrenia,

64
Q

counterpoint challenges the value of the biological approach in treating mental disorders

A

antidepressant drugs - don’t always work
- suggesting that brain chemistry alone may not account for all cases of depression.

65
Q

strength of the biological approach

A

. Precise and highly objective methods, including scanning techniques like fMRIs and EEGs,
- allow accurate measurement
-objective
- reliable data.

66
Q

biological approach + determinism?

A

Sees human behavior as governed by internal, genetic causes over which individuals have no control.
- view overlooks the influence of the environment on the expression of genetic traits (phenotype)

67
Q

biological approach use twin studies to investigate the genetic basis of behavior?

A

OCD test - useing Monozygotic towns (share 100% of the genes) against dizgotic

68
Q

Results of the twin study

A

high rates in monozygotic twins (47%) compared to dizygotic twins (17%), suggesting a genetic basis for the disorder.

69
Q

The Psychodynamic Approach

A

That we are influenced by the Unconcious Mind and early childhood causes behaviour

70
Q

Who created The Psychodynamic Approach?

A

Sigmund Freud

71
Q

Using the Psychodynamic Approach what three elements is our personality made up of?

A

Id, ego and superego

72
Q

What is Id

A
  • Based on the Pleasure Principle
  • Present From Birth
  • Wants Everything and has no morals
73
Q

What is Ego

A
  • Conscious Self
  • Develops during early childhood (2 years)
  • Tries to balance the demands od the Id and Super ego
  • Operates on the reality Principle
74
Q

What is Super Ego

A
  • It is our Conscience
  • Opposite to the ID
  • Operates on the Morality Principle
  • Develops in later Childhood (5 years old)
75
Q

Unconscious

A

Thoughts, Memories and Feelings we are unaware of

76
Q

Conscious

A

Part of the Mind that we are aware of, everyday thoughts and feelings

77
Q

What is a ego defense Mechanism

A

Aims to protect our conscious self or the unconscious conflict between the Id and superego

78
Q

What happens if the Ego Defense Mechanism fails

A

Anxiety caused by the conflict could be shown as clinical disoarders (phobias, anxiety)

79
Q

Ego Defense Mechanism - Repression

A

Pushing unwanted memories, emotions into the unconscious mind

80
Q

Ego Defense Mechanism - Denial

A

Refusing to accept the truth

81
Q

Ego Defense Mechanism - Displacement

A

A feeling expressed towards a substitute rather than a initial target because it is unacceptable to have that feeling towards the initial target. (such as punching or kicking a table instead of the person)

82
Q

What is a Psychosexual Stage?

A

Five developmental stages that all children go through. Each stage there is a different conflict, outcome of which determines each future conflict

83
Q

What are the five stages of Psychosexual Stage?

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

84
Q

Psychosexual Stage - Oral stage

A
  • 0-1 years
  • Mouth is the focus of pleasure
  • Breast feeding, sucking.
85
Q

Psychosexual Stage - Oral stage fixtation

A

Lead to smoking, Overeating, Drinking excessively or being needy

86
Q

Psychosexual Stage - Anal stage

A
  • 1 to 3 years
  • Defecation is main area of pleasure
87
Q

Psychosexual Stage - Anal Stage fixation

A
  • Obsession with Hygiene (Possibly OCD)
88
Q

Psychosexual Stage - Phallic Stage

A
  • 3-5 years
  • Pleasure comes from genital stimulation
  • Realises that boys and girls have different parts
89
Q

Psychosexual Stage - Phallic Stage Fixation

A
  • Narcissim
90
Q

Psychosexual Stage - Phallic Stage two types of Complex

A
  • Oedipus Complex
  • Electra Complex
91
Q

Oedipus Complex

A
  • Boy focusses on mother being primary love object
  • Sees father as rival
  • Boy feels fear that father will castra him as punishment
  • Boy represses feelings about mother and identifies with father
  • Develops super ego
92
Q

Electra Complex

A
  • Girls also desire their mother
  • Develop penis envy
  • Develops affection for father as penis is primary love object
  • Hostile towards mother sees as love rival
  • Resolves feelings with mother replaces desire for father w desire for baby
  • Develops super ego
93
Q

Psychosexual Stage - Latency Stage

A
  • 6 years old to puberty
  • ## Calm period before puberty
94
Q

Psychosexual Stage - Genital stage

A
  • Puberty into Adulthood
  • Focus on Genitals but not as much as Phallic stage
  • Attempts to develop healthy adult relations
95
Q

Psychosexual Stage - Genital stage fixation

A
  • Difficulty forming adult relationships
96
Q

Little Hans (1909) - Who was it

A
  • 5 year old boy
  • Phobia of horses
  • Father was a bespectacled man with a mustache
  • Freud gave him a list of questions
97
Q

Little Hans 1909 - What was found out

A
  • Hans had a active interest in his penisi (phallic stage)
  • Mother told him if he kept touching the doctor would cut it off (castration anxiety)
  • Scared horses would bit him (chop)
  • Link to horses and father
  • Had a dream that he had children with his mother (Oedipus theory)
98
Q

Evaluation of the Psychodynamic Approach

A
  • Influential
  • Largely based on studies of middle class
  • Impossible to test
  • Very deterministic
  • Practical application - helped number patientsd
99
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

An approach to emphasise the importance of subjective experiences on each person capacity for self- determination

100
Q

Free Will

A

humans can make choices and are not determined by internal biological or external forces

101
Q

Self Actualisation

A

We have an innate drive to achieve our full potential. Once we have reached this it is self actualisation

102
Q

Personal Growth

A

We are constantly developing and changing to be fulfilled

103
Q

How many selves did Rogers say we have?

A

3 selves

104
Q

What are the three selves

A

The self concept, the ideal self, the real self

105
Q

The self concept - Rogers

A

How you see yourself

106
Q

The ideal self - Rogers

A

The self you want to be

107
Q

The real self - rogers

A

The self you actually are (difficult to determine as the humanistic approach in subjective)=

108
Q

Congruence

A

The ideal self needs to be the same as the self concept and real self for self- actualisation to occur
Difficult to achieve

109
Q

What is maslows Heirachy of Needs

A

5 types of needs we must fulfil in order to achieve self actualisation
We all have the drive to achieve self actualisation
Always working through these events
Cannot move onto a further stage until you filled the current types of needs
Self Actualisation in not permanent

110
Q

What are the Maslow hierarchy of needs

A

Physiological, Safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualisation

111
Q

First stage of Maslow hierarchy of needs and what is it?

A

Physiological - They are the most essential things a person needs to survive. They include the need for shelter, water, food, warmth, rest, and health.

112
Q

Second Stage of Maslow hierarchy of needs

A

Safety -Safety, or security needs, relate to a person’s need to feel safe and secure in their life and surroundings.

113
Q

Third Stage of Maslow hierarchy of needs

A

Love and Belonging- Humans are social creatures that crave interaction with others. This level of the hierarchy outlines the need for friendship, intimacy, family, and love.

114
Q

Fourth Stage of Maslow hierarchy of needs

A

Esteem needs are related to a person’s need to gain recognition, status, and feel respected. Once someone has fulfilled their love and belonging needs, they seek to fulfill their esteem needs.

115
Q

Fifth stage of Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

A

Self Actualisation

116
Q

Conditions of worth

A

To achieve self actualisation Must experience unconditional positive regard - someone must love us conditionally

117
Q

Who developed Counselling Psychology

A

Roger’s

118
Q

What is counselling psychology

A

Client - centred therapy
Discovers their own solutions in a supportive and non judgemental environment
Therapist must make the client feel accepted

119
Q

Who created psychology

A

Wundt

120
Q

What year did Wundt publish the first book

A

1873/

121
Q

What was Wundt first book called

A

Principles of Physiological psychology

122
Q

What two subjects did Wundt separate

A

Psychology from philosophy

123
Q

Introspection

A

Reflecting on your own processes - Participants were asked to reflect on their own cognitive processes to describe them.

124
Q

Weaknesses of Introspection

A

Not as scientific as it was subjective. Participants were recalling their own conscious thoughts meaning they results vary from participant to participant

125
Q

Is behaviourist approach nature or nurture?

A

Nurture - We were born with a Blank Slate

126
Q

Is SLT approach nature or nurture?

A

Nurture - We are born with a blank slate (get from observation and role models)

127
Q

Is Biological approach nature or nurture?

A

Nature - genotype
So nurture - phenotype

128
Q

Is cognitve approach nature or nurture?

A

Nature - Processing Abilities
Nurtures - Schemas come from previous experience

129
Q

Is psychodynamic approach nature or nurture?

A

Nature - ID innate drive
Nurture - stages (parents)

130
Q

Is Humanistic approach nature or nurture?

A

Nurture - heirachy
Nature - Innate drive to achieve self actualisation

131
Q

Is the Behaviourist approach determinism or free Will?

A

Determinist - Conditioning

132
Q

Is the Social learning theory approach determinism or free Will?

A

Determinist - observation
Free Will - Role models

133
Q

Is the Cognitive approach determinism or free Will?

A

Determinist - Schemas exp
Free Will - Change thoughts

133
Q

Is the humanistic approach determinism or free Will?

A

Free I’ll

134
Q

Is the psychodynamic approach determinism or free Will?

A

Determinist- Unconscious

135
Q

Is the Behaviourist approach Reductionist / Holism

A

Reductionist - Stimulus response

136
Q

Is the Social Learning Theory approach Reductionist / Holism

A

Reductionist- Attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation
Holistic - Cognitive

137
Q

Is the biological approach Reductionist / Holism

A

Reductionist- physiological

138
Q

Is the cognitive approach Reductionist / Holism

A

Reductionist- input processing output (machine reductionism

139
Q

Idiographic

A

Approach that believes in individuality (case study)

140
Q

Nomothetic

A

Approach that believes everyone is the same

Pyschology (7 decks)

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