Research Methods (P2) Flashcards
What is Statistical significance (p-value)?
Likelihood that the result we found occurred due to chance
How would you show Statistically significant results as a p-value?
p < .05
How would you show Non-significance results as a p-value?
p > .05
What is Internal Validity?
Did the experiment measure what it set out to do?
What is External Validity?
Can the findings be generalized to other situations outside the experimental situation?
What is a ‘Population’?
Complete collection of participants who might be measured
What is a ‘Sample’?
Partial collection of people drawn from a population
What is a ‘Case Method’?
Method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual
What is a ‘Random Sampling’?
- Technique for choosing participants
- Every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
What is ‘Nonrandom Sampling’?
Used when:
- Similarity between a sample and the population doesn’t matter
- Direct replication is available
- Similarity between the two is a reasonable starting assumption
What is ‘Random Assignment’?
Procedure that lets chance assign participants to the experimental or control group
What is ‘Self-selection’?
Problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines whether they will be included in the experimental or control group
What is ‘Experimental Research’?
Reveals whether changes on the independent variable lead to changes on the dependent variable
What are the 2 key features of a True Experiment?
- Manipulation of IV
2. Random assignment to conditions
What is an Experimental Group?
Group that gets the manipulation
What is a Control Group?
Group that doesn’t get the manipulation/treatment
What is Replication?
An experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population
What is a Type I error?
Error that occurs when researchers conclude that there is a causal relationship between two variables when in fact there is not
What is a Type II error?
Error that occurs when researchers conclude that there is not a causal relationship between two variables when in fact there is
What is the cons of experimental methods
Placebo Effect: Response to the manipulation is due to expectations not the manipulation
What are the advantages of Correlation Research?
Can capture real world phenomena, Fewer ethical issues
What are the disadvantages of Correlation Research?
Cause and effect ambiguous, sometimes misleading
