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PSYC 111 > History of Psychology > Flashcards

History of Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘Psychology’?

A

Scientific study of mind and behaviour

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2
Q

What is ‘Mind’?

A

Private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings

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3
Q

What is ‘Behaviour’?

A

Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals

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4
Q

Who was René Descartes?

A
  • Argued for dualism of mind and body

- Dualism: The mind and body are fundamentally different things

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5
Q

Who was Thomas Hobbes?

A
  • Argued that the mind is what the brain does

- Philosophical Materialism: All mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena

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6
Q

Who was John Locke?

A
  • Argued that there is a real-world

- Philosophical Realism: Perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by information from the sensory organs.

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7
Q

Who was Immanuel Kant?

A
  • Suggested that Locke’s theory was too simplistic

- Philosophical Idealism: Perceptions of physical world are brain’s interpretation for sensory organ information

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8
Q

What is ‘Philosophical Empiricism’?

A

The view that all knowledge is acquired through

experience

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9
Q

What is ‘Philosophical Nativism’?

A

The view that some knowledge is innate

rather than acquired

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10
Q

Who was Hermann von Helmholtz?

A

Studied human reaction time; estimated

the length of nerve impulse

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11
Q

What is ‘Stimulus’?

A

Sensory input from the environment

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12
Q

What is ‘Reaction Time’?

A

Amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus

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13
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A
  • Opened the first psychological laboratory
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14
Q

What is ‘Consciousness?

A

Person’s subjective experience of the world

and the mind

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15
Q

What is ‘Structuralism’?

A

Analysis of the basic elements that

constitute the mind

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16
Q

Who was Edward Titchener?

A
  • Pioneered introspection
  • The analysis of subjective experience by trained
    observers
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17
Q

What is the problem with Introspection?

A
  • Each person’s inner experience was an
    inherently private event
  • No way to tell if a person’s description of her experience was accurate, or if their experience
    was the same/different from someone
    else’s
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18
Q

Who was Timothy Wilson?

A
  • Believed psychology is a science

- Posits that much of psychology is based on carefully controlled experimentation using randomization procedures

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19
Q

Who was Charles Darwin?

A

Natural selection: Theory that features of an
organism that help it survive and reproduce
are more likely than other features to be
passed on to subsequent generations

20
Q

Who was Charles Darwin?

A

Natural selection: Theory that features of an
organism that help it survive and reproduce
are more likely than other features to be
passed on to subsequent generations

21
Q

Who were Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet?

A

Studied hysteric patients through hypnosis

22
Q

What is ‘Hysteria’?

A
  • Temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions

- Usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences

23
Q

Who was Sigmund Freud?

A
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Believed hysteria caused by painful unconscious
    experiences
24
Q

Who was John Watson?

A
  • Developed behaviourism
  • Approach to psychology that restricts scientific
    inquiry to observable behaviour
  • Goal was to predict and control behaviour
    through the study of observable behaviour
25
Q

Who was Ivan Pavlov?

A
  • Studied the physiology of digestion

- Founded classical conditioning (stimulus–response)

26
Q

What is ‘Response’?

A

Action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus

27
Q

Who was B.F. Skinner?

A
  • Developed the Skinner Box/Conditioning Chamber to explain learning and founded operant conditioning
  • Principle of Reinforcement
  • Free will was an illusion
28
Q

What is ‘Reinforcement’?

A

Consequences of behaviour that determine
whether it will be more likely that the behaviour
will occur again

29
Q

What is the ‘Principle of Reinforcement’?

A

Any behaviour that is rewarded will be repeated and any behaviour that isn’t won’t

30
Q

Who was Max Wertheimer?

A

Founded induced motion phenomena

31
Q

What are illusions?

A

Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in

which subjective experience differs from objective reality

32
Q

What is ‘Gestalt Psychology’?

A

We often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

33
Q

Who was Jean Piaget?

A

Studied perceptual and cognitive errors in children

34
Q

Who was Kurt Lewin?

A
  • Social psychology
  • Behaviour is not a function of the environment, but of the person’s subjective construal of the environment
  • Responses do not depend on stimuli, as the behaviourists claimed; rather, they depend on how people think about those stimuli.
35
Q

Who was Solomon Asch?

A
  • Early studies of the ‘primacy effect’
  • Influenced by Gestalt psychology
  • Early information about a person changes the interpretation of later information, which is why first
    impressions matter so much
36
Q

Who was Noam Chomsky?

A

Pointed out that even young children
generate sentences they have never heard
before, and therefore could not possibly be
learning language by reinforcement

37
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology?

A
  • Study of mental processes

- Including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning

38
Q

What is Evolutionary Psychology?

A

Explains mind and behaviour in terms of the
adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over
time by natural selection

39
Q

What is Cognitive neuroscience?

A
  • Study of the relationship between the brain and the
    mind
  • Especially in humans
40
Q

What is Behavioural neuroscience?

A
  • Study of the relationship between the brain and
    behaviour
  • Especially in nonhuman animals
41
Q

Who was Paul Broca?

A
  • Damage to a specific part of the brain impaired a specific mental function
  • Demonstrating the brain and mind are closely linked
42
Q

Who was Karl Lashley?

A

Concluded from surgically altered rat brains that learning is not “localized” or tied to a specific brain area in the same way that language seemed to be

43
Q

What is cultural psychology?

A

Study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members

44
Q

What is absolutism?

A

Culture makes little difference for

most psychological phenomena

45
Q

What is relativism?

A

Psychological phenomena likely

to vary considerably across cultures

46
Q

What do technologies such as fMRI allow cognitive

neuroscientists to determine?

A

Which areas of the brain are most and least active when people perform various mental tasks, such as reading, writing, thinking, or remembering

PSYC 111 (7 decks)

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