research methods observations Flashcards
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2
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What are observations?
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- Observation are research methods where a researcher observes the behavior of a group or individuals in order to witness a first hand of their social behaviors
- Involves developing an observation schedule of times to observe individuals
- Intensive research method that is usually preferred by interprevisit sociologists
3
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What are the types of observations?
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- Participant observation: Where researcher take part in actions of group
- Non participant observation: Where observer is detached from actions of group
4
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How can observations be conducted?
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- Overtly: With those being observed aware of the researchers presence
- Covertly: Without the knowledge of being observed, useful in using to searcher hard to reach groups but are very difficult to use
5
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How are observations useful?
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- Can witness behavior first hand including the interactions between individuals
- Observe people in natural environment which increases validity
- Observations are a good method of reaching hard to access groups which as subcultures
- Can develop new knowledge outside of existing knowledge base and lead to further research
6
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What are the practical issues with observations?
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- Difficulty accessing groups especially if covert
- Recording information: recording or taking notes etc
- Maintaining a cover: in covert observations if people act suspiciously could endanger research
- Costly: need to train, get additional qualifications, equipment
7
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What are the ethical issues with observations?
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- Deception: covert observations require researchers to act as something other than a researcher
- Informed consent: Do people know if they are being observed?
- Protection from harm: researchers may uncover with gangs might face threats and intimidation if uncovered
- Illegal and immoral activities: witnessing activities provides sociologists with ethical dialemas
8
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What are the theoretical issues with observation?
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- Reliability: observations are hard to replicate
- Lack objectivity: researchers can be attached to the group they are researching and lose objectivity
- Validity: overt observations could suffer from Hawthorne effect
- Less representative: often used with small groups that do not reflect wider society
9
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Examples of observation:
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10
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