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Psychology > Research Methods key words > Flashcards

Research Methods key words Flashcards

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1
Q

Replicability

A

Whether a particular method and findings can be repeated with different people to have similar results

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2
Q

Empirical evidence

A

The evidence can be physically tested and observed (5 senses)

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3
Q

Objectivity

A

Not influenced, non bias

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4
Q

Control

A

All extraneous variables need to be controlled to establish the IV (cause) and the DV (effect)

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

Prediction something is going to happen in the study. It is based on previous research or an observations, which must be operationalised and unambiguous

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6
Q

Falsifiability

A

The process of proving a hypothesis is incorrect

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7
Q

Theory construction

A

Has to be logically thought out

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8
Q

Introspection

A

The method used to study structuralism

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9
Q

Structuralism

A

The idea that we can breakdown and analyse the basis elements that constitute the mind and conscience

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10
Q

Idiographic

A

Understanding behaviour through studying individual cases-case studies

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11
Q

Nomothetic

A

Understanding behaviour through general laws that apply to all people

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12
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any variable other than the IV which could affect the DV if it isn’t controlled

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13
Q

Independent measures design

A

Participants are in 2 or more separate groups/conditions

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14
Q

Repeated measures design

A

The same participants conduct 2 or more tests

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15
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Giving participants the same test on 2 separate occasions; if the same/similar results are obtained then it has external reliability

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16
Q

Independent variable

A

Something the experimenter changes

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17
Q

Dependent variable

A

What you are measuring

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18
Q

Matched pairs

A

Pairs of participants are selected but they must be similar. One member of each pair completes each condition and then the scores are compared

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19
Q

Lab experiment

A

Done in controlled conditions. Must have full control of the IV and methodology or environment

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20
Q

Field experiment

A

The environment is not controlled but the IV is. (Done in a ‘real world’ environment

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21
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Psychologists conduct controlled research but the IV occurs naturally. Its planned

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22
Q

Natural experiment

A

An occurrence happens which psychologists take advantage of in order to research (IV happens naturally and they have no control over any elements). Its not planned

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23
Q

Standardisation

A

Everything must be the same for all participants so that it is fair

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24
Q

Counterbalancing

A

An attempt to control order effects in a repeated measures design. Half the pp’s experience the condition in one order and the second half would do it in the opposite order

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25
Q

Demand characteristics

A

An example of extraneous variables. When the pp knows the true aim of the experiment and then they will act how they think experimenter wants them to

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26
Q

Order effects

A

An example of extraneous variables. Occurs in a repeated measures design. Pp’s may become bored or tired which could cause their behaviour to be different

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27
Q

Investigator effects (experimenter effects)

A

An example of extraneous variables. Factors relation to the experimenter which could cause the pp to act differently. For example, how they say it and what they say

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28
Q

Situational variables

A

An example of extraneous variables. This is when the environment can affect the pp’s behaviour. Such as, light, temperature and the time of the day

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29
Q

Participant variables

A

An example of extraneous variables. This is pp’s individual differences such as IO, reading ability, age gender etc

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30
Q

Self report methods

A

Questionnaires/interviews

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31
Q

Single bind

A

Participants are not aware of researcher aims/conditions of the experiment they are receiving

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32
Q

Double bind

A

The participant and researcher do no know the study aims/details

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33
Q

Experimental realism

A

Extent of which situations created in social psychology experiments are real and impactful to pp’s

34
Q

Operationalised

A

How the variables are going to be specifically measured

35
Q

Cofounding variables

A

Any variables other than the IV which may have affected the DV. They can change/vary with co variables

36
Q

Directional hypothesis (one tailed)

A

Will say more or less, how the direction of the results will go

37
Q

Non directional hypothesis (two tailed)

A

Doesn’t have a direction the results will have. Will just say a difference

38
Q

Correlation

A

The relationship/link between the covariables (always between -1 and +1)

39
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

It’s a statistic that describes the relationship between two sets of paired data

40
Q

Positive correlation

A

Both cofounding variables rise. It will have a +1 before the number

41
Q

Negative correlation

A

One cofounding variable rises but one falls. Will have -1 before the number

42
Q

Correlation strength

A

If the number is closer to 1 then it is stronger, if it is closer to 0 then it is weaker. The dots are closer together if it is closer to 1

43
Q

Deception

A

Withholds the aims of a study to avoids them changing their behaviour. They must be debriefed after the study

44
Q

Right to Withdraw

A

All pp’s should know that they can withdraw from a study at any time

45
Q

Informed consent

A

They should know as much as possible about the procedure before they agree to do it

46
Q

Protection form psychological harm

A

The participants should leave in the same state as they entered the experiment

47
Q

Privacy

A

They should not be observed in situations where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy

48
Q

Confidentiality

A

Researchers should do everything possible to ensure anonymity by removing names and any identifying details. They should be told who will read the report and they should have an opportunity to read it themselves

49
Q

Ecological validity

A

Refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalised beyond the present situation

50
Q

Face validity

A

Refers to the extent to which a measure appears on the surface to measure on the surface to measure what it is supposed to measure. Quick test to see if it’s valid (usually in a questionnaire)

51
Q

Concurrent validity

A

This is the degree to which a test corresponds to another test that is known concurrently (occurring at the same time). If the new test is validated by a comparison with a currently existing criterion, we have this type of validity

52
Q

Temporal validity

A

The extent to which we can generalise/apply the results of a study across time

53
Q

External reliability

A

The extent to which a measure can be generalised from one to another

54
Q

Internal reliability

A

The extent to which a measure can be generalised from one to another

55
Q

Internal validity

A

Related to what actually happens in the study and whether it measures what it is supposed to

56
Q

Random sampling

A

Every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected

57
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Dividing the target population into important subcategories . Selecting members in proportion that they occur in the population

58
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Selecting every ‘nth’ person in the population in a systematic way with a particular interval between

59
Q

Volunteer sampling (self-selecting)

A

Individuals who have chosen to be involved in a study.

60
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Simply selecting those people who are available at that time

61
Q

Cognitive interview

A

A different method of an interview, not a standard interview

62
Q

Report everything (cognitive interview)

A

The witness must mentally reconstruct the incident in their mind

63
Q

Reinstate original context (cognitive interview)

A

They must put themselves in a similar state of mind as they were in the incident

64
Q

Change the order (cognitive interview)

A

Eye witnesses may be asked to recall events in reverse order, or to start in the middle

65
Q

Change the perspective (cognitive interview)

A

They eyewitness is asked to imagine reviewing the incident from a different perspective

66
Q

Standard deviation

A

The smaller the number, the closer it is to the mean and the larger the number, the further it is to the mean

67
Q

Overt

A

They know they are being observed

68
Q

Covert

A

They don’t know that they are being observed

69
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Uncontrolled, everything is normal

70
Q

Controlled observation

A

Some variables are controlled by the researchers. Pp’s may know that they are being observed

71
Q

Unstructured observation

A

No recording system-everything is noted

72
Q

Structured observation

A

Behaviours are pre planned and can tally of their behaviour

73
Q

Participant observation

A

The observer is part of the group which is being observed

74
Q

None participant observation

A

The researcher remains separate and private for their observation

75
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

The extent to which all observers agree on behavioural categories being illustrated

76
Q

Event sampling

A

Counting numbers of events in a period of time

77
Q

Time sampling

A

Recording behaviours at timed intervals

78
Q

Mutually exclusive

A

No overlap between categories

79
Q

Behavioural categories

A

Things that you note down. They must be mutually exclusive and operationalised

80
Q

Response bias

A

The wording of a question affects how a person decides the answer. They may adjust their estimate to fit in the expectations of the questioner

81
Q

Optimal

A

Best performance

82
Q

Anxiety

A

The state of physically and emotional arousal

Psychology (2 decks)

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