Research Methods Key Words Flashcards
Order effects
In a repeated measures design, a confounding variable arising from the order in which conditions are presented.
Practice effect
Participants might be better in the second condition because they have practiced in the first.
Investigator effects
Any effect of the investigators behaviour (conscious or unconscious) on the research outcome.
Demand Characteristics.
Any cue from the research or from the research situation that maybe interpretation by participants as revealing the purpose of the investigation.
Randomisation
The use of chance in order to control for the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding order of conditions.
Standardisation
Using exactly the same formalised procedures and instructions for all participants in a research study.
Repeated measures design
All participants take part in all conditions of the experiment.
Confounding variable
Any variable other than the independent variable that changes the dependent variable.
Counterbalancing
An attempt to control order effects in a repeated measures design
Experimental design
The different ways in which the testing of participants can be organised in relation to the experimental conditions
Fatigue effects
Participants might be worse in the second condition as they are tired or bored from doing it already.
Independent group design
Participants are allocated to different groups where each other group represents one experimental condition.
Matched pairs design
Pairs of participants are first matched on some variables that may affect the dependent variable. Then one member of the pair is assigned to condition A and the other condition B.
Extraneous variable
Any variable other than the independent variable that may have an effect on the dependent variable if not controlled.
Non Directional Hypothesis
A hypothesis which states there is a difference in correlation or associations between two variables but does not specify the direction of such a relationship.
Operationalisation
Clearly defining variable in terms of how they be measure.
Dependent Variable
The variable measured by the researcher as it is affected by change in the dependent variable.
Independent variable.
The variable directly manipulated by the researcher.
Null hypothesis
A hypothesis which states that there is no relationship between the variable and there for any correlation is down to chance.
Directional hypothesis
A hypothesis which states the direction of the difference or relationship between two variables.
Hypothesis
A clear precise testable statement that states the relationship between the two variables to be investigated.
Aim
A general statement of heat the researcher intends to investigate.
Secondary Data
Information that has already been collected by someone else
Evaluation
An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the research study.
Conclusion
A summary of what the research results and what they mean in in relation to the hypothesis.
Primary research
Research conducted by the actual researcher.
Random allocation
An attempt to control for participant variables in an independent group design which ensures that each participant has the same chance of being in one condition as any other
Covert observation
Participants behaviour is watched and recorded without their knowledge and consent.
Participant observation
The researcher becomes a member of the group whose behaviour is he/she is watching and recording.
Naturalistic observation
Watching and recording behaviour in the setting in which it would normally occur.
Behavioural categories
When a target behaviour is broken up into components that are observable and measurable.
Event sampling
A target behaviour or even is first established then the researcher records this event every time it occurs.
Inter-observer reliability
The extent to which there is agreement between two or more observers involved in observing behaviour.
Time sampling
A target individual or group is first established then the researcher records their behaviour in a fixed time frame.
Overt observation
Participants behaviour is watched and recorded with their knowledge and consent.
Controlled observation
Watching and recording behaviour within a structured environment (I.E one where the conditions are controlled).
Double blind procedure
Neither the participant nor the researcher conducting the study are aware of the research aims or other important details of a study and thus have no expectations that might alter a participants behaviour.
Experimental group/condition
The group/ condition the independent variable as distinct from the control.