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Research Methods: Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 ethical issues?

A

Informed consent, deception, confidentiality, privacy, withdrawal, debriefing and protection from harm.
W. D. P. P. D. I. C (when doing psychology please do it correctly)

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2
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Participants must be aware of what they will do, their rights, potential risks to agree to take part.

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3
Q

What is deception?

A

Participants should not be mislead about the nature of an investigation.

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4
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

Information about individuals must not be made public; especially if sensitive.

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5
Q

What is privacy?

A

Observations should only be done where participants are normally visible to others.

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6
Q

What is withdrawal?

A

Participants must be able to leave at any time and have their data destroyed.

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7
Q

What is debriefing?

A

After a study, participants should be given full information about its purpose.

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8
Q

What is protection from harm?

A

There should be no more risk of physical or psychological damage than in normal life.

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9
Q

What are extraneous variables (EV) ?

A

Anything other than the tested variables that may influence the results?

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10
Q

What are some examples of EVs?

A

Participant variables
Order effects
Demand characteristics
Distraction and confusion
Artificiality

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11
Q

What is a confounding variable (CV) ?

A

Factors other than the IV that may cause a result. It is a type of EV that not only affects the DV, but it is also related to the IV.

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12
Q

What are common ways to control extraneous/confounding variables?

A

Standardisation
Randomisation

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13
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

A small scale trial done before a full study. Used to identify problems such as whether participants can understand instructions or if there are no obvious EVs.

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14
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Subjective description of events and experiences.

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15
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of qualitative data?

A

+High level of detail
-Difficult to analyse
-Difficult to summarise

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16
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Objective measurement of numerical data.

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17
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of quantitative data?

A

+Easy to analyse
+Easy to summarise
-Low level of detail

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18
Q

What is sampling?

A

Methods to acquire a representative section of the target population so results can be generalised.

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19
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected (pick names from a hat)

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20
Q

What are strengths and limitations of random sampling?

A

+No bias is possible
-May produce a freak sample

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21
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Selecting participants at regular intervals. (Every Nth in a list)

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22
Q

What are strengths and limitations is systematic sampling?

A

+More efficient than random sampling but functionally similar
-Patterns in the list may threaten bias

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23
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Important sub-groups of the population are the identified. The sample’s proportions match the population’s proportions.

24
Q

What are strengths and limitations of stratified sampling?

A

+Active attempt to avoid freak samples
-Difficult to identify relevant sub-groups
-Time consuming

25
What is opportunity sampling?
The sample includes whoever is available and willing to take part (friends/family)
26
What is strengths and limitations of opportunity sampling?
+Quick and convenient -Biased if researcher selects participants -May all be similar
27
What is volunteer sampling (self-selecting) ?
The sample includes people who freely choose to take part. (Advertisements)
28
What are strengths and limitations of volunteer sampling?
+Quick and convenient -Biased if the advertisement attracts certain types -Volunteers may be more complaint than the norm
29
Name the 3 measures of central tendency.
Mean, Median and Mode.
30
What is the mean?
Total of all scores divided by the number of scores. +Most sensitive: uses all data -May be skewed by anomalies
31
What is the median?
Middle score when all are listed in rank order. +Not skewed by anomalies -Distorted by small samples
32
What is the mode?
The most frequent score. +Not skewed by anomalies -Crude; May be several modes
33
What are the two mesures of dispersion?
Standard deviation and range.
34
What is standard deviation (Interval)?
The average difference of scores from the mean. +Most sensitive: uses all data -May hide anomalies
35
What is range (ordinal)?
The difference between the highest and lowest score. +Quick, easy to calculate -Distorted by anomalies
36
What are the 3 types of experiments?
Laboratory, field and quasi-experiments.
37
What is a laboratory experiment?
In an environment controlled by the researcher. Artificial. DV:measured IV:manipulated EVs:controlled -low ecological validity.
38
What is a field experiment?
In the participant’s own natural environment. Familiar. DV:measured IV:manipulate EVs:not controlled +more ecological validity
39
What is a quasi-experiment?
Using an existing IV that has no been manipulated by the researcher. DV:Measured IV:Naturally occurring EVs:Not controlled No artificial manipulation but causality cannot be certain.
40
Wha is a controlled observation?
Record spontaneous behaviour in controlled environment contrived and managed by researcher. +Easier replication -Observer effect
41
What is a naturalistic observation?
Records spontaneous behaviour in subjects familiar environment. +High ecological validity -Cannot infer cause-effect
42
What is a covert observation?
Participants do not know that their behaviour is being recorded. +Natural behaviour -Cannot infer cause-effect
43
What is an overt observation?
Participants know that their behaviour is being recorded. +Ethically sound -Observer effect
44
What is event sampling?
A type of observation that records all occurrences of the behavioural category. +Records all behaviour -Does not record sequence
45
What is time sampling?
A type of observation that set standard time periods. Records behavioural categories at those times. +Records sequence -Misses some behaviour
46
What is participant observations?
The observer becomes involved in everyday life of the subjects. +Detailed, in depth knowledge of participant motivation -Difficult to record data promptly and objectively -Observer effect
47
What is non-participant observation?
The observer is not directly involved in what is being observed; records from a distance. +Objective -May not have true understanding of behaviour
48
What are 4 self report techniques?
Structured Interviews, unstructured interviews, open questions and closed questions.
49
What are structured interviews?
Contain predetermined questions.
50
What are strengths and limitations of structured interviews?
+Ease of analysis +Control of data -Formal -Cannot develop ideas -Questions may be leading
51
What are unstructured interviews?
Has a set topic area for discussion but no fixed questions or ways of replying.
52
What are strengths and weaknesses of unstructured interviews?
+More comfortable, relaxed -Difficult to analyse reliably -Data may be irrelevant
53
What are open questions?
No fixed answers (qualitative)
54
What are strengths and weaknesses of open questions?
+High validity, probably more in depth and meaningful -Difficult to analyse
55
What are closed questions?
Fixed optional answers (quantitative)
56
What are strengths and weaknesses of closed questions?
+Quantifiable, easily summarised and analysed -Data may lack validity

Psychology (4 decks)

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