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Psychology > Research Methods: Key Terms > Flashcards

Research Methods: Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 8 ethical issues?

A

Informed consent, deception, confidentiality, privacy, withdrawal, debriefing and protection from harm.
W. D. P. P. D. I. C (when doing psychology please do it correctly)

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2
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Participants must be aware of what they will do, their rights, potential risks to agree to take part.

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3
Q

What is deception?

A

Participants should not be mislead about the nature of an investigation.

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4
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

Information about individuals must not be made public; especially if sensitive.

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5
Q

What is privacy?

A

Observations should only be done where participants are normally visible to others.

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6
Q

What is withdrawal?

A

Participants must be able to leave at any time and have their data destroyed.

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7
Q

What is debriefing?

A

After a study, participants should be given full information about its purpose.

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8
Q

What is protection from harm?

A

There should be no more risk of physical or psychological damage than in normal life.

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9
Q

What are extraneous variables (EV) ?

A

Anything other than the tested variables that may influence the results?

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10
Q

What are some examples of EVs?

A

Participant variables
Order effects
Demand characteristics
Distraction and confusion
Artificiality

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11
Q

What is a confounding variable (CV) ?

A

Factors other than the IV that may cause a result. It is a type of EV that not only affects the DV, but it is also related to the IV.

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12
Q

What are common ways to control extraneous/confounding variables?

A

Standardisation
Randomisation

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13
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

A small scale trial done before a full study. Used to identify problems such as whether participants can understand instructions or if there are no obvious EVs.

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14
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Subjective description of events and experiences.

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15
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of qualitative data?

A

+High level of detail
-Difficult to analyse
-Difficult to summarise

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16
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Objective measurement of numerical data.

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17
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of quantitative data?

A

+Easy to analyse
+Easy to summarise
-Low level of detail

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18
Q

What is sampling?

A

Methods to acquire a representative section of the target population so results can be generalised.

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19
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected (pick names from a hat)

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20
Q

What are strengths and limitations of random sampling?

A

+No bias is possible
-May produce a freak sample

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21
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Selecting participants at regular intervals. (Every Nth in a list)

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22
Q

What are strengths and limitations is systematic sampling?

A

+More efficient than random sampling but functionally similar
-Patterns in the list may threaten bias

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23
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Important sub-groups of the population are the identified. The sample’s proportions match the population’s proportions.

24
Q

What are strengths and limitations of stratified sampling?

A

+Active attempt to avoid freak samples
-Difficult to identify relevant sub-groups
-Time consuming

25
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

The sample includes whoever is available and willing to take part (friends/family)

26
Q

What is strengths and limitations of opportunity sampling?

A

+Quick and convenient
-Biased if researcher selects participants
-May all be similar

27
Q

What is volunteer sampling (self-selecting) ?

A

The sample includes people who freely choose to take part. (Advertisements)

28
Q

What are strengths and limitations of volunteer sampling?

A

+Quick and convenient
-Biased if the advertisement attracts certain types
-Volunteers may be more complaint than the norm

29
Q

Name the 3 measures of central tendency.

A

Mean, Median and Mode.

30
Q

What is the mean?

A

Total of all scores divided by the number of scores.
+Most sensitive: uses all data
-May be skewed by anomalies

31
Q

What is the median?

A

Middle score when all are listed in rank order.
+Not skewed by anomalies
-Distorted by small samples

32
Q

What is the mode?

A

The most frequent score.
+Not skewed by anomalies
-Crude; May be several modes

33
Q

What are the two mesures of dispersion?

A

Standard deviation and range.

34
Q

What is standard deviation (Interval)?

A

The average difference of scores from the mean.
+Most sensitive: uses all data
-May hide anomalies

35
Q

What is range (ordinal)?

A

The difference between the highest and lowest score.
+Quick, easy to calculate
-Distorted by anomalies

36
Q

What are the 3 types of experiments?

A

Laboratory, field and quasi-experiments.

37
Q

What is a laboratory experiment?

A

In an environment controlled by the researcher. Artificial.
DV:measured
IV:manipulated
EVs:controlled
-low ecological validity.

38
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

In the participant’s own natural environment. Familiar.
DV:measured
IV:manipulate
EVs:not controlled
+more ecological validity

39
Q

What is a quasi-experiment?

A

Using an existing IV that has no been manipulated by the researcher.
DV:Measured
IV:Naturally occurring
EVs:Not controlled
No artificial manipulation but causality cannot be certain.

40
Q

Wha is a controlled observation?

A

Record spontaneous behaviour in controlled environment contrived and managed by researcher.
+Easier replication
-Observer effect

41
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A

Records spontaneous behaviour in subjects familiar environment.
+High ecological validity
-Cannot infer cause-effect

42
Q

What is a covert observation?

A

Participants do not know that their behaviour is being recorded.
+Natural behaviour
-Cannot infer cause-effect

43
Q

What is an overt observation?

A

Participants know that their behaviour is being recorded.
+Ethically sound
-Observer effect

44
Q

What is event sampling?

A

A type of observation that records all occurrences of the behavioural category.
+Records all behaviour
-Does not record sequence

45
Q

What is time sampling?

A

A type of observation that set standard time periods. Records behavioural categories at those times.
+Records sequence
-Misses some behaviour

46
Q

What is participant observations?

A

The observer becomes involved in everyday life of the subjects.
+Detailed, in depth knowledge of participant motivation
-Difficult to record data promptly and objectively
-Observer effect

47
Q

What is non-participant observation?

A

The observer is not directly involved in what is being observed; records from a distance.
+Objective
-May not have true understanding of behaviour

48
Q

What are 4 self report techniques?

A

Structured Interviews, unstructured interviews, open questions and closed questions.

49
Q

What are structured interviews?

A

Contain predetermined questions.

50
Q

What are strengths and limitations of structured interviews?

A

+Ease of analysis
+Control of data
-Formal
-Cannot develop ideas
-Questions may be leading

51
Q

What are unstructured interviews?

A

Has a set topic area for discussion but no fixed questions or ways of replying.

52
Q

What are strengths and weaknesses of unstructured interviews?

A

+More comfortable, relaxed
-Difficult to analyse reliably
-Data may be irrelevant

53
Q

What are open questions?

A

No fixed answers (qualitative)

54
Q

What are strengths and weaknesses of open questions?

A

+High validity, probably more in depth and meaningful
-Difficult to analyse

55
Q

What are closed questions?

A

Fixed optional answers (quantitative)

56
Q

What are strengths and weaknesses of closed questions?

A

+Quantifiable, easily summarised and analysed
-Data may lack validity

Psychology (4 decks)

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