Research Methods: Experimental Designs - Independent Groups, Repeated Measures, Matched Pairs - KR COPY

Question 1

What is meant by an independent groups design?

Answer 1

participants only take part in one condition

Question 2

Which experimental design has different participants in each condition?

Answer 2

independent groups design

Question 3

How is an independent groups design conducted?

Answer 3

Split your group of participants into equal sized groups then allocate one group to each condition

Question 4

What is meant by order effects?

Answer 4

When participants complete more than one condition and may become bored/ tired in the second condition or better at the second task. therefore affecting the internal validity

Question 5

What is a strength of participants completing only 1 condition

Answer 5

no order effects

Question 6

What is the key term for participants becoming bored/ tired or better in the second condition?

Answer 6

Order effects

Question 7

Why are there no order effects in independent groups design?

Answer 7

Participants only take part in one condition so will not get bored/tired or better in the second condition.

Question 8

Aside from order effects what is an alternative strength to using independent groups design?

Answer 8

Can be used when repeated measures is inappropriate

Question 9

Why can independent groups be used when repeated measures is inappropriate?

Answer 9

when conducting a quasi experiment i.e. gender differences

Question 10

What type of validity improves when order effects are avoided?

Answer 10

internal validity

Question 11

Why does the internal validity of a study increase when order effects are eliminated?

Answer 11

Because the results aren’t being affected so we are measuring what we said we would.

Question 12

What is meant by individual difference?

Answer 12

Characteristics of participants that may affect the results

Question 13

What is a weakness of using an independent groups design?

Answer 13

individual differences

Question 14

Which experimental designs are affected by individual differences?

Answer 14

independent groups and matched pairs

Question 15

Which experimental design is affected by order effects?

Answer 15

repeated measures

Question 16

Why is independent groups design negatively affected by individual differences?

Answer 16

There are separate groups of ppts so ppts may have characteristics in one condition tht affect the DV

Question 17

Give an example of an individual difference that would affect a memory study

Answer 17

better/ worse memory

Question 18

Why are individual differences an issue when using an independent groups design

Answer 18

it lowers the internal validity of research

Question 19

What is meant by repeated measures design?

Answer 19

participants take part in all conditions

Question 20

Which experimental design do participants take part in all conditions?

Answer 20

repeated measures design

Question 21

How is a repeated measures design conducted?

Answer 21

Participants complete one condition, then after a time lapse (1hr) they complete the second condition.

Question 22

What needs to be done to the DV in a repeated measures design to make sure we have internal validity?

Answer 22

the task (DV) should be different but matched on the same difficulty or measuring the same thing as the previous task.

Question 23

What are the two strengths of using a repeated measures design?

Answer 23

individual differences are removed and requires fewer participant

Question 24

Why are individual differences removed in a repeated measures design?

Answer 24

the same participants take part in all conditions

Question 25

Individual differences and repeated measures: As participants take part in all the conditions, what can researchers be sure of?

Answer 25

the researcher can be sure that any changes to the DV are of the result of the IV

Question 26

Why does repeated measures require fewer participants?

Answer 26

All participants take part in all conditions.

Question 27

Why is it a strength of repeated measures that it requires fewer participants?

Answer 27

Less time and money is spent in sampling and allocation of participants.

Question 28

Why will order effects be present in a repeated measures design?

Answer 28

participants complete all conditions so therefore may perform worse in the second condition due to boredom or due to practice

Question 29

In order effects, which condition is going to be affected by boredom or practice?

Answer 29

the second condition

Question 30

Aside from order effects, what is another weakness of using a repeated measures design?

Answer 30

Demand characteristics

Question 31

What is a demand characteristics?

Answer 31

When participants change there behaviour to help or hinder the researcher

Question 32

Why would participants be able to change your behaviour to help or hinder the researcher

Answer 32

Participants are able to pick up on clues given off by the study of the aim of the research

Question 33

Why are demand characteristics an issue in a repeated measures design?

Answer 33

it lowers the internal validity of research

Question 34

Why does demand characteristics lower the internal validity of research?

Answer 34

We are no longer measuring the effect of the IV on the DV but the changed behaviour

Question 35

What is a matched pairs design?

Answer 35

Participants are matched on important characteristics in a study

Question 36

What experimental design do researchers pre-test participants?

Answer 36

Matched pairs

Question 37

How are participants allocated once they have been paired from the pre test

Answer 37

randomly allocated

Question 38

How is a matched pairs design conducted?

Answer 38

choose a variable, pre test, match, randomly allocate

Question 39

What are the two strengths of matched pairs design

Answer 39

reduces individual differences and no order effects

Question 40

Why does matched pairs have no order effects?

Answer 40

participants are randomly allocated to ONE condition

Question 41

Why is a matched pairs design time consuming?

Answer 41

Researchers have to pretest before allocation of conditions

Question 42

Why is the fact that a matched pairs design is time consuming a weakness?

Answer 42

the researcher would need a large pool of people to select and because the process is lengthy more time and money is spent before the test has begun.

Question 43

What experimental design is being used and justify your answer?

Answer 43

independent groups, participants only complete one condition (10 ppts have to learn a list of words in the same room and 10 ppts have to learn a list of words in a different room)

Question 44

What experimental design is this and justify your answer?

Answer 44

independent groups, participants only complete one condition (drinking red bull vs not drinking red bull)

Question 45

What experimental design is this and justify your answer?

Answer 45

independent groups, participants only complete one condition (learning a list of words with or without pictures)

Question 46

What experimental design is this and justify your answer?

Answer 46

independent groups, participants only complete one condition (with or without music)

Question 47

What experimental design is this and justify your answer?

Answer 47

independent groups, participants only complete one condition (waiters who gave eye contact vs waiters who gave no eye contact)

Question 48

What experimental design is this and justify your answer?

Answer 48

Repeated measures, participants take part in all conditions (rating of interaction before and after language therapy)

Question 49

What experimental design is this and justify your answer?

Answer 49

repeated measures, participants take part in all conditions (watching a horror film and watching a romance film)

Question 50

What has been done to this study to control the effects of repeated measures

Answer 50

counter balancing

Question 51

What is meant by counterbalancing?

Answer 51

changing the sequences of conditions for some participants

Question 52

What is meant by ABBA?

Answer 52

one half of the participants complete condition A then B, the other half complete condition B then A

Question 53

How is counterbalancing conducted?

Answer 53

one half of the participants complete condition A then B, the other half complete condition B then A

Question 54

Why is counterbalancing used?

Answer 54

to reduce order effects?

Question 55

Why does counterbalancing reduce order effects but doesn't remove order effects?

Answer 55

because participants are still completing all conditions so order effects is spread amongst the conditions

Question 56

What experimental design has been used and justify your answer?

Answer 56

repeated measures, participants take part in all conditions (before and after the prison conditions changed)

Question 57

What experimental design has been used and justify your answer?

Answer 57

Repeated measures, participants take part in all conditions (before and after aversion therapy)