Research Methods: Chapter 4 Flashcards
Name the three categories of ethical choices violated in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
Treating the subjects disrespectfully, harming the subjects and targeting disadvantaged social groups.
What inspired the construction of the Nuremberg Code?
The horrors committed during the second world war during medical experiments in Nazi controlled europe.
What is the declaration of Helsinki?
A declaration which many world leaders have signed which guides ethics in medical research and practice.
What forms the basis of ethics in medical practices in america
The Belmont Report
What two provisions are included in the principle of respect for persons?
They should be treated as autonomous agents ( informed consent.) This means they can not mislead them about procedure or intentions. The second is that those who have less autonomy have special protection.
What is meant by undue influence?
Making an offer too attractive to refuse.
Why might a prisoner have less autonomy?
They may perceive the request as an order.
Name the principle which prevents participants being harmed and ensures wellbeing.
Principle of beneficence
What other risks may arise which fall under this principle? How may this be prevented?
Having another persons disclosed information revealed to others. This can be prevented through an anonymous study.
What is the difference between a confidential and anonymous study?
Confidential studies collect some identifying info but prevent it from being disclosed.
WHat is the third principle?
The Principle of justice calls for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it.
Name the application for each of the three principles
Respect- Informed consent
Beneficence- Anonymity, Confidentiality, If preliminary results show improvements in one group, the other group must be given the option to receive this treatment.
Justice- Making sure participants are representative of the people who would benefit from the study.
As well as the Belmont Report, what else governs the ethics of American psychological practitioners?
Local policies, federal laws and the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.
How does the APA’s general principles differ to that of the Belmont Report’s?
Firstly they apply to practitioners as well as researchers and are made specifically for people practicing psychology. There are three subgroups under beneficence as well as Justice and respect for people’s rights and dignity. These are Beneficence and nonmaleficence (treat people in ways that benefit them. Do not cause suffering. Conduct research that will benefit society), Fidelity and responsibility (Establish relationships of trust; accept responsibility for professional behaviour) and Integrity (Strive to be accurate, truthful and honest.)
What other ethical guidelines are provided by the APA? Which of these which is most relevant to researchers?
Ten specific ethical standards. An example which is relevant to researchers is ethical standard 8.
