Research Methods: Chapter 12, 13 & 14 (summaries) Flashcards
What can experiments using one independent variable show?
Difference between the conditions of an experiment.
What does the addition of a second independent variable affect?
Allows the examination of interaction effects.
What is meant by interaction effects?
The effect of original variable depending on the level of another variable
What is a factorial design?
A study with two or more independent variables
What are participant variables?
A participant variable is a variable whose levels are selected
Name two reasons for factorial designs
To test limits and theories
What is a moderator?
A variable that changes the relationship between two variables
What is meant by the main effect
The overall effect of one independent variable on a dependent variable
What is meant by a quasi experiment?
One where researchers do not have full experimental control
What are nonequivelent control group designs?
Quasi experiments which use independent groups design
Give two examples of repeated-measures quasi experiments
Interrupted time-series design where subjects are repeatedly tested before during and after an interruption which is not caused by the researchers.
Nonequivelent control group interrupted time series design.
What is a stable baseline design?
When the researcher observes behaviour for an extended baseline period after the treatment or intervention is administered.
What is a multiple baseline design?
Alternate explanations of the results are ruled out by introducing an intervention across a variety of individuals, times or situations.
What is meant by reversal design?
Problematic behaviour is observed before and after the treatment then the treatment is taken away to see if the problematic behaviour returns the administered again and behaviour is examined.
How do you check validities on small n designs?
Triangulate the small n research by combining with other research of animals or other groups.
Clearly specify to whom the results generalise
Sometimes they are not concerned with external validity alone.
What are the three main types of replication studies?
Direct replication, Conceptual replication (same conceptual variables, different operizational variables.) replication-plus-extension.
What three problems are associated with replication?
- Many performed in a different setting, might be cotextually sensitive. Should be replicated more than once.
- Problems with the original study
- Replication studies often not published
Name two counteractions to these problems
Open science meaning scientists should freely share their findings to be interpreted and preregistration which means scientists can preregister their methods, hypotheses or statistical analysis so they can be accredited regardless of result significance.
What is the file drawer problem?
When meta analysis overestimates the true size of an effect because the null effects aren’t published.
What is meant by ecological validity?
If results from a lab generalise well to a real world setting
