Research Methods: Chapter 12, 13 & 14 (summaries)

Question 1

What can experiments using one independent variable show?

Answer 1

Difference between the conditions of an experiment.

Question 2

What does the addition of a second independent variable affect?

Answer 2

Allows the examination of interaction effects.

Question 3

What is meant by interaction effects?

Answer 3

The effect of original variable depending on the level of another variable

Question 4

What is a factorial design?

Answer 4

A study with two or more independent variables

Question 5

What are participant variables?

Answer 5

A participant variable is a variable whose levels are selected

Question 6

Name two reasons for factorial designs

Answer 6

To test limits and theories

Question 7

What is a moderator?

Answer 7

A variable that changes the relationship between two variables

Question 8

What is meant by the main effect

Answer 8

The overall effect of one independent variable on a dependent variable

Question 9

What is meant by a quasi experiment?

Answer 9

One where researchers do not have full experimental control

Question 10

What are nonequivelent control group designs?

Answer 10

Quasi experiments which use independent groups design

Question 11

Give two examples of repeated-measures quasi experiments

Answer 11

Interrupted time-series design where subjects are repeatedly tested before during and after an interruption which is not caused by the researchers.
Nonequivelent control group interrupted time series design.

Question 12

What is a stable baseline design?

Answer 12

When the researcher observes behaviour for an extended baseline period after the treatment or intervention is administered.

Question 13

What is a multiple baseline design?

Answer 13

Alternate explanations of the results are ruled out by introducing an intervention across a variety of individuals, times or situations.

Question 14

What is meant by reversal design?

Answer 14

Problematic behaviour is observed before and after the treatment then the treatment is taken away to see if the problematic behaviour returns the administered again and behaviour is examined.

Question 15

How do you check validities on small n designs?

Answer 15

Triangulate the small n research by combining with other research of animals or other groups.
Clearly specify to whom the results generalise
Sometimes they are not concerned with external validity alone.

Question 16

What are the three main types of replication studies?

Answer 16

Direct replication, Conceptual replication (same conceptual variables, different operizational variables.) replication-plus-extension.

Question 17

What three problems are associated with replication?

Answer 17

1. Many performed in a different setting, might be cotextually sensitive. Should be replicated more than once.
2. Problems with the original study
3. Replication studies often not published

Question 18

Name two counteractions to these problems

Answer 18

Open science meaning scientists should freely share their findings to be interpreted and preregistration which means scientists can preregister their methods, hypotheses or statistical analysis so they can be accredited regardless of result significance.

Question 19

What is the file drawer problem?

Answer 19

When meta analysis overestimates the true size of an effect because the null effects aren’t published.

Question 20

What is meant by ecological validity?

Answer 20

If results from a lab generalise well to a real world setting