research methods ch 10

Question 1

dependent variable/outcome variable

Answer 1

how a participant asks

Question 2

how many dependent variables can an experiment have

Answer 2

at least two, could be more

Question 3

how are the variables shown on a scatterplot

Answer 3

the independent variable is almost always not eh x-axis, dependent on the y-axis

Question 4

control variable

Answer 4

any variable that the experiment holds constant on purpose, not really variables don’t vary

Question 5

three rules of causal claims

Answer 5

covariance, temporal precedence, internal validity

Question 6

comparison group/comparison condition

Answer 6

only an experiment can provide, no in our personal experiences

Question 7

control group

Answer 7

level of an independent variable that is intended to represent “no treatment” or the natural condition

Question 8

placebo group/placebo control group

Answer 8

when the control group is exposed to an inert treatment such as a sugar pill

Question 9

confounds

Answer 9

possible alternative explanations, potential threats to internal validity

Question 10

design confounds

Answer 10

an experimenter’s mistake in designing the independent variable

Question 11

unsystematic variable

Answer 11

if it’s across both groups, not a confound

Question 12

selection effect

Answer 12

in an experiment, when the kinds of participants in one level of the independent variable are systematically different from those in the other + when participants can choose their own groups

Question 13

random assignment - simulation

Answer 13

up to 98% of the time it creates similar groups with as little as 4 participants

Question 14

matched groups/matching

Answer 14

first measure participants on a particular variable, match up participants in pairs, within that set randomly assign each one to conditions

Question 15

independent-groups design

Answer 15

separate groups of participants are place into different levels

Question 16

within-groups design

Answer 16

each person is presented with all levels of the independent variable

Question 17

posttest-only design

Answer 17

participants are randomly assigned to independent variable groups and are tested not eh dependent variable once

Question 18

pretest/posttest design

Answer 18

participants are randomly assigned to at least two groups and are tested on the key dependent variable twice, once before and once after exposure to the independent variable

Question 19

when is pretest/posttest used

Answer 19

for improvement over time + when researchers want to make sure random assignment made groups equal

Question 20

types of within-groups design

Answer 20

repeated-measures design, concurrent-measures design

Question 21

repeated-measures design

Answer 21

participants are measured on a dependent variable more than once, after exposure to each level of the independent variable

Question 22

concurrent-measures design

Answer 22

participants are exposed to all the levels of an independent variable at roughly the same time, and a single attitudinal or behavior preference is the dependent variable

Question 23

order effects

Answer 23

being exposed to one condition first changes how participants react to the later conditions

Question 24

types of order effect

Answer 24

practice effects/fatigue effects and carryover effect

Question 25

practice effects/fatigue effects

Answer 25

long sequence might lead participants to get better at the task or to get tired or bored toward the end

Question 26

carryover effect

Answer 26

some of the contamination carries over from one condition to the other

Question 27

counterbalancing

Answer 27

presenting the levels of the independent variable to participants in different sequences

Question 28

how to fix order effects

Answer 28

counterbalancing

Question 29

types of counter balancing

Answer 29

full counterbalancing, partial counterbalancing, Latin square

Question 30

full counterbalancing

Answer 30

all possbile condition orders in a randomized order for every subject

Question 31

partial counterbalancing

Answer 31

only some of the possible condition orders are represented, present the condition in a randomized order for every subject

Question 32

Latin square

Answer 32

formal system to ensure that every condition appears in each position at least once

Question 33

three disadvantages for within-subject design

Answer 33

potential for order effects (no internal validity), might not be possible or practical (learning how to ride a bike), when people see all levels of the independent variable they can change how they normally act

Question 34

demand characteristic/experimental demand

Answer 34

a cue that can lead participants to guess the experiment’s hypothesis

Question 35

manipulation check

Answer 35

extra dependent variable that researchers can insert into an experiment to convince them that their experimental manipulation worked

Question 36

when is manipulation check most oftenly used

Answer 36

when the intention is to make participants think or feel a certain way

Question 37

pilot study

Answer 37

a simple study, using a separate group of participants that is completed before (or after) the study of primary interest to confirm the effectiveness of the manipulation

Question 38

how can effect size be expressed

Answer 38

in original units or r, also in d (standardized effect size, takes into account both the difference between means and the spread of scores within each group - when d is large, the independent variable caused a large change)

Question 39

when are original units useful

Answer 39

when you want to estimate the real-world impact

Question 40

when is d useful

Answer 40

when you want to compare the results found in one study to a body of knowledge