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Research Methods and Statistics > research ch 3,6,7,8 > Flashcards

research ch 3,6,7,8 Flashcards

1
Q

variable

A

something that varies, must have at least two levels/values

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2
Q

measured variable

A

one whose levels are simply observed and recorded

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3
Q

manipulated variable

A

variable a researcher controls, usually by assigning participants to different levels of that variables

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4
Q

can some variables be both manipulated and measured and example

A

yes, children already in music schools/assign children to music school lessons

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5
Q

constant

A

something that could potentially vary but that has only one level in the study in question

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6
Q

construct variable

A

the name of the concept being studied

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7
Q

conceptual definition

A

a careful, theoretical definition of the construct

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8
Q

operational variable

A

when testing hypotheses with empirical research, also known as operational definition

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9
Q

to operationalize a concept

A

turn it into a measured or manipulated variable

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10
Q

claim

A

an argument someone is trying to make

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11
Q

frequency claim

A

describe a particular rate or degree of a single variable, the variables are always measured and never manipulated

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12
Q

association claims

A

argues that one level of variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable

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13
Q

what does it mean to covary

A

correlate

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14
Q

positive correlation

A

high goes with high, low goes with low

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15
Q

scatterplot

A

a graph in which one variable is plotted on the y-axis and the other one is plotted on the x-axis

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16
Q

negative correlation

A

high goes with low and low goes with high - inverse correlation

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17
Q

zero correlation

A

no association between the variables

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18
Q

verbs for association claims

A

link, associate, correlate, predict, tie to, be at risk for

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19
Q

causal claims

A

argues that one of the variable is response for changing the other

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20
Q

verbs for causal claims

A

cause, enhance, affect, decrease, change

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21
Q

validity

A

appropriateness of a conclusion or decision - claim is reasonable, accurate, and justifiable

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22
Q

construct validity

A

how well a conceptual variable is operationalized

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23
Q

external validity

A

does it generalize

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24
Q

statistical validity/statistical conclusion validity

A

extent to which a study’s statistical conclusions are precise, reasonable, replicable

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25
Q

point estimate

A

estimate of that value in some population

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26
Q

confidence interval/margin of error of the estimate

A

range designed to include the true population value a high proportion of time

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27
Q

three things you have to have for causal claims

A

covariance, temporal precedence (causal variable comes first) internal validity (third-variable criterion)

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28
Q

experiment

A

one variable is measured, the other is manipulated

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29
Q

random assignment

A

using a method such as rolling a die to decide which participant would follow what level of the study

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30
Q

which validity is the priority

A

external validity isn’t always possible, internal is the priority

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31
Q

survey vs poll

A

survey - people asked about a consumer product
poll - people asked about their social or political opinions

32
Q

open-ended questions

A

spontaneous, rich information - drawback is that it must be coded and categorized which is difficult and time consuming

33
Q

forced-choice questions

A

people give options by picking the best of two or more options

34
Q

likert scale

A

when a scale contains more than one item and each response value is labelled with the specific terms: strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree and strongly disagree

35
Q

likest-like scale

A

it doesn’t follow the format exactly

36
Q

semantic differential format

A

respondents asked to rate a target object using a numeric scale that is anchored with adjectives

37
Q

double-barreled question

A

asks two question in one, poor construct validity

38
Q

how can question order affect the responses to a survey and what can researchers do about it

A

white ppl more likely to show support for black rights movements after being asked about women rights - prepare different versions of a survey

39
Q

response sets

A

types of shortcuts people can take when answering survey questions

40
Q

acquiescence

A

yea-saying, when people say yes or strongly agree to every item

41
Q

how to fix yea-saying

A

include reverse-worded items, they slow people down so they answer more carefully

42
Q

fence-sitting

A

answering in the middle of the scale, especially when survey items are controversial

43
Q

how to fix fence-sitting

A

take away neutral option (but some people might be neutral) or use forced-choice questions

44
Q

socially desirable responding

A

when respondents give answers that make them look better than they are

45
Q

how to fix faking good

A

ensure that the participants know that the responses are anonymous, include target items (my table manners at home are as good as when I eat in a restaurant), ask friend to rate them, use computerized measures to evaluate people’s implicit options

46
Q

observational research

A

when a researcher watches people or animals and systematically records how they behave or what they’re doing

47
Q

when is self-reporting impossible

A

students don’t know many words a day they say, mothers can be biased when talking about their children, babies can’t report

48
Q

observer bias

A

when observer’s expectations influence their interpretation of the participants’ behaviors or the outcome of the study

49
Q

observer effect

A

observer inadvertently changing the behavior of those they’re observing

50
Q

codebooks

A

precise statements of how the variables are operationalized and the more precise and clear they are the more valid the operationalization will be

51
Q

masked/blind design

A

observers are unaware of the purpose of the study and the condition to which participants have been assigned

52
Q

reactivity

A

change in behavior when study participants know another person is watching, might react by being on their best behavior

53
Q

solutions to reactivity

A

blend in (make unobtrusive observations, one-way mirror ethics), wait it out (habituation), measure the behaviors’ results

54
Q

population

A

the entire set of people or products in which you’re interested in

55
Q

sample

A

a smaller set taken from the population

56
Q

census

A

the entire population, rarely done

57
Q

population of interest

A

the one that we want to study

58
Q

biased sample/unrepresentative sample

A

some members of the population of interest have a much higher probability than others of being included in the sample

59
Q

unbiased sample/representative sample

A

all members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the sample

60
Q

convenience sampling

A

using a sample of people who are easy to contact and readily available to participate

61
Q

exit polls

A

convenience sampling, some people doing the polling find it easier to approach younger people who don’t look like they’re in a hurry - biased

62
Q

self-selection

A

when a sample is known to contain only people who volunteer to participate

63
Q

types of representative sampling and explain

A

simple random sampling (assign a number to each person in the population, select random), systematic sampling (researchers select two random numbers, start with the 4th person in the room and choose every 7th person - time consuming), cluster sampling (cluster of participants random selected and then individuals from there randomly selected - multistage sampling), stratified random sampling (research purposefully select particular demographic categories and then randomly select individuals within each categories - meaningful), oversampling (intentionally overrepresent one or more groups), combining technique

64
Q

types of unrepresentative samples

A

convenience sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, quota sampling

65
Q

purposive sampling

A

if researchers want to study only a certain kind of people

66
Q

snowball sampling

A

participants are asked to recommend a few acquittances for the study

67
Q

quota sampling

A

the researcher identifies subsets of the population of interest and then sets a target number of each category, non-randomly fills them up

68
Q

bivariate correlation

A

involves exactly two variables

69
Q

statistical validity in association claims

A

need to consider the strength and precision of your estimate, if it has been replicated, any outliers, restriction of range, if a seemingly zero association might actually be curvilinear

70
Q

effect size

A

describes the strength of a relationship between two or more variables

71
Q

confidence interval

A

95% will contain the true population correlation

72
Q

when is a study statistically significant

A

when the CI doesn’t include zero

73
Q

replication

A

conducting the study again to find multiple estimates

74
Q

outlier

A

extreme score, a single case that stands out from the pack

75
Q

restriction of range

A

if there isn’t a full range of scores on one of the variables in the association

76
Q

curvilinear association

A

the relationship between two variables isn’t a straight line, might be positive up to a point and then become negative

77
Q

spurious association

A

the bivariate correlation is there, but only because of some other third variable

Research Methods and Statistics (2 decks)

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