RESEARCH METHODS AS COMPLETE STACK Flashcards
What are the 4 primary codes of the BPS?
Respect
Competence
Responsibility
Integrity
How do ethics community decide whether a research project should happen?
Ethics communities weigh up cost-benefit analysis and take into account the reputation of psychology.
What are Ethical Issues?
Ethical Issues arise when there is a conflict between the rights of the participant and the steps taken to reach the goals of the research.
What are Ethical Considerations to take into account?
- Consent
- Deception
- Confidentiality
- Debriefing
- Right to withdraw
- Protection from all harm
What is the general formula for a consent form?
-Purpose of study
-What happens
-Time needed
-Right to withdraw
-Any harm or help given
TICK BOXES
-Have read and asked any questions and understand rights to withdraw.
-Consent
What is debriefing?
Debriefing = AFTER the experiment, participants are informed of:
-Their data and rights around it
-If any deception occurred
-The results collected
What is the difference between a general population, target population and sample?
General Population
= Big, generalised group of people within an area.
Target Population
=Group of people who are the focus of the research project.
Sample
= Small group of people from the target population that are chosen to take part in the project.
What is the difference between bias and generalisation?
Bias is when certain groups are over or under represented, whereas generalisation is when findings from a study can be applied to a larger population.
What is Random Sampling?
Random Sampling is randomly selecting participants.
What are the advantages of Random Sampling?
ADV - free from researcher bias, all participants have equal chance of being chosen and should be fairly representative.
What are the disadvantages of Random Sampling?
DISADV - difficult and time consuming as participants might refuse to take part. May still be unrepresentative.
What is Systematic Sampling?
Selecting every nth member of the target population to take part
What are the advantages of Systematic Sampling?
ADV - Free from researcher bias and fairly representative
What are the disadvantages of Systematic Sampling?
DISADV - Every person doesn’t have an equal chance at being selected, time consuming and participants might refuse to take part.
What are the advantages of Opportunity Sampling?
ADV - Cost efficient and easy to conduct.
What is Opportunity Sampling?
Selecting anyone who is willing or available at the time.
What are the disadvantages of Opportunity Sampling?
DISADV - Open to researcher bias and fairly unrepresentative.
What is Volunteer Sampling?
Participants self selecting (volunteering) to take part.
What are the advantages of Volunteer Sampling?
ADV - Easy and minimal input from the researcher. Participants more engaged as they chose to take part.
What are the disadvantages of Volunteer Sampling?
DISADV - Open to volunteer bias and demand characteristics. Volunteers tend to be helpful, outgoing people so will be fairly unrepresentative.
What is stratified sampling?
Definition: Where the composition of the sample reflects the population of people in in certain subgroups - this represents the wider population.
What are the advantages of Stratified Sampling?
ADV - Avoids researcher bias and produces fairly representative sample.
What are the disadvantages of Stratified Sampling?
DISADV - Not a perfect sample and cannot reflect the way in which all groups are different. Time consuming.
What is the formula for stratified sampling?
(Sample size ÷ Population size) x Number of participants in sub group.