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Research methods Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two different types of hypothesis?

A

Non-directional and directional

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2
Q

Independent variable

A

An aspect of the experimental situation that the researcher manipulates so the effect of. the DV can be measured.

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3
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable measured by. the researcher.

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4
Q

Operationalisation

A

Clearly defining variables in terms of how. they can be measured

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5
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any variable other than the IV having an effect on the DV

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6
Q

Confounding variables

A

Any variable other than the IV. affecting the DV.

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7
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Any cue from the researcher or from the research situation that may be interpreted by. ppts as revealing the purpose of the investigation

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8
Q

Investigator effects

A

Any effect of the investigators behaviour on the research. outcome.

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9
Q

Randomisation

A

The use of chance in order to control the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding the order of conditions.

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10
Q

Standardisation

A

Using exactly the same formalised procedures and instructions for all participants in a research study.

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11
Q

Independent groups design

A

Participants are allocated to different groups where each group represents on experimental condition.

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12
Q

Repeated measures

A

All participants take part in all conditions of the experiment

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13
Q

Matched pairs

A

Pairs of participants are first matched on some variables that may affect the DV. Then one member of the pair is allocated to A or B

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14
Q

Random allocation

A

An attempt to control for participant variables in an independent groups design which ensures that each participant has the same chance of being in one condition as any other.

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15
Q

Counterbalancing

A

An attempt to control for the effects of order in a repeated measures design: half the participants experience the conditions in one order and the other half in another order.

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16
Q

Lab experiment

A

An experiment that takes place in a controlled environment within which the researcher manipulates the. IV and records the effect on the DV, whilst maintaining strict control of extraneous variables.

17
Q

Lab experiment: Strengths and weaknesses

A

Strengths:

  • High control over extraneous variables
  • High internal validity
  • Replication is more possible due to the high level of control

Weaknesses:

  • Lacks generalisability
  • Low external validity
  • Give more rise to demand characteristics
  • Low mundane realism
18
Q

Field experiment

A

An experiment that takes place in a natural setting within which the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effects on the DV.

19
Q

Field experiment: Strengths and Weaknesses

A

Strengths:

  • Higher mundane realism
  • Produces behaviour that is more valid and authentic.
  • High external validity

Weaknesses:

  • Loss of control over. extraneous variables
  • Important ethical issues (if a person does not know they are being observed)
20
Q

Natural experiment

A

An experiment where the change in the IV is not brought about by the researcher but would have happened even if the researcher had not been there. The researcher records the effects on the DV.

21
Q

Natural experiment: Strengths and weaknesses

A

Strengths:

  • Provide opportunities for doing research that may not have otherwise been done due to ethical or practical reasons.
  • High external validity

Weaknesses:

  • These events happen very rarely reducing the opportunities for research
  • Ppts may not be randomly allocated to experimental conditions.
22
Q

Quasi experiment

A

A study where the IV has not been determined by anyone- the variables simply exist, such as being old or young.

23
Q

Quasi experiment: Strengths and Weaknesses

A

Strengths:

  • High internal validity
  • High control over extraneous variables

Weaknesses:
- Cannot randomly allocate so more prone to confounding variables

24
Q

Sample

A

A group of people that take part in a research investigation, presumed to be representative of the target population.

25
Q

Sampling techniques

A

The method used to select people from the population.

26
Q

A random sample

A

All members of the target population. have an equal chance of being chosen.

27
Q

Systematic sample

A

When every nth member of the target population is selected.

28
Q

Stratified sample

A

The composition of the sample reflects the proportions of people in certain sub groups within the target population.

29
Q

Opportunity sample

A

Many. researchers simply decide to select any ppts who are willing and available.

30
Q

Volunteer sample

A

Involves the participants selecting themselves to be part of the sample.

31
Q

Random sampling: Strengths and Weaknesses

A

Strengths:
- free from researcher bias
-

Biology (6 decks)

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