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NOTCE Prep > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

1
Q

A family of research approaches that is un-obstructive, non-controlling, and seeks to understand phenomena from multiple perspectives by looking at the entire phenomenon being investigated

A

Qualitative research

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2
Q

Qual research method that seeks an explanation or causation, through development or confirmation of theories to explain social processes (“how?”)

A

Grounded theory

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3
Q

Qual research method that seeks to describe a phenomenon in depth.It gives thick description of a phenomenon that has not been described before (“what?”)

A

Descriptive phenomenology

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4
Q

Qual research method that seeks to interpret actions and people’s reasoning. No theory or causative relationships are developed. (“why?)

A

Interpretive phenomenology

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5
Q

Qual research method that is an alternative to interpretive phenomenology, with less detail and analysis so that it is less burdensome.

A

Interpretive description

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6
Q

Qual research method that describes a culture in detail, and requires the researcher to be immersed for extended periods of time to interact with subjects (“who?”)

A

Ethnography

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7
Q

Research methods that describe outcomes in terms of numbers, and uses statistics to provide answers to a questions

A

Quantitative research

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8
Q

What are the two major umbrella groups of quantitive research designs

A

Observational and experimental

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9
Q

Cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control are the three types of what kind of studies?

A

Observational quant studies

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10
Q

What do descriptive quantitative research designs do?

A

Collect data on one or more variables, and then characterize them using descriptive statistics

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11
Q

What do relationship quantitative research designs do?

A

examine the relationship between two or more variables and assess the strength of the relationship. Cannot imply causation.

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12
Q

What do cross-sectional quant research designs do?

A

Examine data from self-reported information from participants. Variables are not manipulated by researchers

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13
Q

What are experimental quantitative studies?

A

Studies that examine cause and effect relationships, where you intervene and record what happens

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14
Q

Research method that provides evidence of probable causality by comparing a randomly assigned intervention group to a randomly assigned control group

A

RCT or true experimental

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15
Q

What is a quasi-experimental design?

A

Like RCT, but groups are not randomly assigned

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16
Q

What is a pre-test post-test design?

A

Qual research method where a single group is compared before and after intervention; all participants receive the intervention and there is no control group

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17
Q

True experimental (RCT), quasi-experimental, pre-test-post-test, cross over, and single subject are the five-methods of what kind of research?

A

Experimental quantitative research

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18
Q

What is a cross-over research design?

A

Research method where participants are randomly assigned to different conditions, but everyone experiences both/all of the conditions.

19
Q

What is a single subject research design?

A

Research method where the effectiveness of an intervention is examined for each individual participant. It compares baseline to measures taken over time during treatments.

20
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The one that is being studied, that the researcher manipulates or controls

21
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The outcome of the study. A study examines changes in the dependent variable, based on the independent variable.

22
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

Extraneous variables that may affect relationships between the independent and dependent variables; should be controlled for in the design or analysis

23
Q

What is a type I error?

A

Reporting a relationship where there is none (i.e., accepting the hypothesis when it’s actual false.)

24
Q

What is a type II error?

A

Failure to find and report a relationship when one actually exists (i.e., hypothesis rejected when it is actually true)

25
Q

Define internal validity

A

The degree of confidence that the causal relationship you are testing is not influenced by other factors or variables

26
Q

Define construct validity

A

The degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring

27
Q

Define external validity

A

The degree to which results can be generalized to other contexts

28
Q

What are the three types of probability sampling?

A

Simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling

29
Q

Define simple random sampling

A

Take a list of all members of the study population, and select participants randomly. Each person has an equal change of being selected.

30
Q

Define stratified random sampling

A

Divide population into sub-groups and then randomly select from each subgroup. Subgroups are decided on based on evidence that specific variables relate to the outcome (e.g., male and female sub-groups)

31
Q

Define cluster sampling

A

Use naturally occuring groups like hospital wards, nursing homes, etc. and select participants based on random or stratified sampling.

32
Q

What are the two types of non-probability sampling?

A

Convenience sampling and snowball sampling

33
Q

Define convenience sampling

A

Sampling from people who are readily available and willing to be surveyed

34
Q

Define snowball sampling

A

Previously identified members of a group identify other members; used when potential participants are difficult to identify

35
Q

What are the two major types of statistics?

A

Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

36
Q

Define descriptive statistics

A

Stats that describe and summarize data, including measures of central tendency, measures of variability, and frequency distribution

37
Q

Define inferential statistics

A

Stats that use study samples to infer or make generalizations that apply to the population.

38
Q

Mean, median, and mode are all measures of what?

A

Central tendency

39
Q

Range and standard deviation are both measures of what?

A

Variability

40
Q

What are some ways to ensure trustworthiness in qualitative research?

A

Prolonged engagement, triangulation, reflexivity, audit trail, member checking, and peer review

41
Q

How is qualitative data analyzed?

A

Through an reiterative process of coding, categorizing, and identifying themes and central concepts

42
Q

What is the difference between a systematic and a scoping review?

A

A systematic review assesses the quality of studies, synthesizes relevant studies only, and interprets the results. Scoping reviews analyze and present results of all studies found.

43
Q

What is a PICO or PICOST question?

A 
Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
(Study design)
(Time frame & languages)

NOTCE Prep (5 decks)

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