Research Methods

Question 1

Chi Squared

Answer 1

• tests a difference or association
• independent data
• nominal data
  Degrees of freedom- (no. rows - 2) x (no. columns - 1)

Question 2

Pearsons R

Answer 2

• parametric
• correlation
• related/ repeated measures
• interval data
  Df= N-2

Question 3

Spearmans Rho

Answer 3

• correlational
• non parametric
• repeated measures/ related data
• ordinal data

Question 4

Unrelated T Test

Answer 4

• independent groups
• tests a difference
• interval data
  Df= total no. people - 2

Question 5

Related T test

Answer 5

• repeated design
• interval data
• tests a difference
  Df= total no. people - 1

Question 6

Wilcoxon T Test

Answer 6

• ordinal data
• non parametric
• repeated measures/related data
• tests a difference

Question 7

Mann Whitney Test

Answer 7

• non parametric
• tests a difference
• independent groups
• ordinal data

Question 8

Content analysis

Answer 8

Structured observation to make qualitative data quantitative by counting themes.
\+ good ethics
\+ high ecological validity
\+ can operationalise
\+ easier to compare numbers 
\+ can replicate
- observer bias
- have to train observers
- reduces complex processes to pre-determined ideas

Question 9

Time sampling

Answer 9

Observations at regular intervals

Question 10

Event sampling

Answer 10

Tally each time a behaviour occurs

Question 11

Features of science

Answer 11

Empiricism
Objectivity
Replicability
Theory construction 
Hypothesis testing

Question 12

Type 1 error

Answer 12

False positive

Accept hypothesis as significant when its not

Question 13

Type 2 error

Answer 13

False negative

Reject hypothesis, accept null hypothesis when its significant

Question 14

The scientific process

Answer 14

Induction
Deduction
Hypothetico deductive method
Falsification
Kuhn's paradigms

Question 15

Induction

Answer 15

Development of general theories based pn what you see. Reason from particular to general.

Question 16

Deduction

Answer 16

Start with a theory and look to confirm this.

General to particular.

Question 17

Hypothetico deductive methods

Answer 17

Proposed by Karl Popper (1935): theories first then generate expectations/hypotheses which can be falsified

Question 18

Falsification

Answer 18

One observation that disproves the theory.

E.g. All flamingoes are pink/one white in disproves theory.

Question 19

Kuhn’s Paradigms

Answer 19

Theories people believe.
E.g. World is flat.

1. Normal science
2. People question dominant paradigm
3. Evidence
4. Paradigm shift

Question 20

Inferential statistics

Answer 20

Allow us to draw conclusions from the data, about the significance of the results.

Question 21

Descriptive statistics

Answer 21

• measures of central tendency
• graphs
• summary of data

Question 22

Probability

Answer 22

Chance of any difference occuring.

Total no. outcomes x happens
/
Total no. of possible outcomes

Question 23

Significance

Answer 23

How sure we are that any difference/correlation is meaningful (not down to chance).

Question 24

Correlation

Answer 24

Correlation coefficient shows direction:
-1 = perfect negative correlation
+1 = perfect positive correlation

Correlation coefficient shows strength:
0= weak
1= strong

Question 25

Sections of a scientific report

Answer 25

Abstract
Introduction
Method 
Results
Discussion summary: summary of findings, relationship to previous research, limitations and wider implications are considered
References